الفهرس 
Cover Page Title in EnglishOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 162 |  |  |
| | | from | 162 | | |
Abstract
Camel milk is an excellent source of well-balanced nutrients and also contains a range of biological activities that improve digestion, growth and resistance to diseases due to high levels of antioxidants substances. These biological activities are mainly due to the presence of peptides, low level of cholesterol, and high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, high Se, Zn, vitamin C and lactoferrin. Camel milk has antioxidant properties because it contains high concentrations of vitamins (C, B2 and B12) minerals (potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc) and other essential nutrients and antibodies which play a role in the reduction of heavy metals toxicity. Human and animals exposed to environmental pollution and heavy metals like aluminum, cadmium, mercury and lead which consequently cause negative impact on their health. The current study was conducted to determine the following:
1. The physiological composition of Egyptian camel milk (camel’s dromedaries) with special reference to its essential trace elements concentration.
2. The effect of whole camel milk and/or milk casein on trace elements levels in serum, testis, liver and kidney.
3. The possible protective effect of whole camel milk or milk casein on renal, hepatic and reproductive performance of mature male rats subjected to aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced toxicity.
Three main experiments were carried out:
The first experiment:
The aim of the first experiment was to determine the physiological composition of Egyptian camel milk (Camel’s dromedaries) with special reference to its essential trace elements concentration. Also, serum hormones (T3, T4 and cortisol) were measured in both summer and winter season in ten lactating she-camel.
Twenty milk samples were sawed at room temperature and analyzed for its major constituents. The correlation between different camel’s milk constituents and the calculated regression equations are estimated. In addition to six milk samples were chosen randomly and 1 ml milk was digested by concentrated acids (5ml nitric acid + 1ml hydrochloric acid) for 24 hours at room temperature with frequent shaking. The digested samples were diluted with deionized water till 15 ml volume, then filtration to determine the concentration of trace elements. Beside five milk sample chosen randomly in the winter (December) and summer (August) seasons to determine the physiological change in T3, T4 and cortisol hormones. Results showed that camel’s milk composition in Egypt was 3.8% fat, 3.5 % protein, 3.9% lactose, 8.2 SNF, and 0.8% for minerals. There was a positive significant correlation between the major constituents of milk (fat, protein, and lactose). Camel milk rich in trace elements especially selenium is the major element and cobalt is the lowest element. As well as, cortisol is the dominant hormone in camel milk especially in summer season that reliefs heat stress through the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Camel milk antioxidant parameters were also determined. Result showed that the average GSH (0.08 mmol/ml), SOD (0.29) and MDA (0.17). On the other hand, the concentration of serum hormones (T3, T4 and cortisol) were measured the T3 was the highest hormone and the cortisol was the lowest hormone. Serum antioxidant parameters average was GSH (0.41 mmol/ ml), SOD (5.01U/ml) and MDA (7.84 nmol/ml).
The second experiment:
The aim of the third experiment was to determine the effect of treatment of male mature rats with whole camel milk and/ or aluminum chloride (0.5 mg/kg b.wt.) daily for 2 months on some reproductive parameters, serum biochemical, hormones (testosterone, thyroxin) and antioxidants parameters (SOD, GSH and MDA) and trace elements.
Twenty mature male rats were located into four groups (5 rats/ group). All treatments were given orally by stomach tube modified for rats 5 days weekly for 60 days.(1st group) was kept as a control group received 2 ml distilled water, (2nd group) was received 1 ml camel milk and 1 ml distilled water, (3rd group) was received 1 ml AlCl3 solution containing 0.5 mg /Kg b. wt. and 1 ml of distilled water and (4th group) was received 1ml camel milk followed by a 1ml AlCl3 solution containing 0.5 mg /kg b. wt. at the end of this experiment (5 from each group) were anaesthetized with ether for blood sampling then killed and sera were collected for biochemical, antioxidants and histological examinations. Results showed that camel milk alleviates aluminum chloride associated toxicity and protect testicular, hepatic and renal tissues injury by lowering liver function parameters (ALT, AST and ALP) and kidney function parameters (creatinine and urea). There was a significant increase in antioxidants parameters GSH and SOD activities and significant reduction of MDA in the tissue of testis, liver and kidney. Histological examination of testis, liver and kidney reveal that camel milk improves hazarded effect of aluminum. In addition to increasing levels of Se, Zn in serum, testicular and hepatic tissues which considered as antioxidant trace elements lead to increase GSH and SOD production with consequent decrease tissue lipid peroxidation.
The third experiment:
The aim of the third experiment was to detect the effect of the treatment of male mature rats with camel’s milk casein, camel milk and/ or AlCl3 (20 mg/kg b.wt.) daily for 2 weeks on some reproductive parameters, serum biochemical, hormones (testosterone, thyroxin) and antioxidants parameters (SOD, GSH and MDA) in different organs.
Thirty mature male rats were separated into four groups (5 rats/ group) and all treatments conducted daily for two weeks and were administrated orally using a stomach tube modified for rats. (1st group) as the control group was given 2 ml distilled water, (2nd group ) was given 1 ml casein and 1ml distilled water, (3rd group) was given 1 ml camel milk and 1ml distilled water and (4th group) was given 1 ml distilled water and 1 ml AlCl3 sol. containing 20 mg/kg b.wt., (5th group) was given 1 ml casein followed by 1 ml AlCl3 sol. containing 20 mg/kg b.wt., (6th group) was given 1 ml camel milk followed by 1 ml AlCl3 sol. containing 20 mg/kg b.wt. at the end of this experiment (5 from each group) were anaesthetized with ether for blood sampling then killed and sera were collected for biochemical, antioxidants and histological examinations. Results showing that camel milk casein alleviates aluminum chloride associated toxicity and protect testicular, hepatic and renal tissues injury but not efficient as whole camel milk by non-significant increase antioxidants enzymes GSH and SOD activities and significant reduction of MDA. Histological examination of testis, liver and kidney reveal that casein unable to improve hazarded effect of aluminum chloride especially in liver and kidney. In addition, increasing levels of Se, Zn in serum, testicular and hepatic tissues lead hepatic tissues which considered as antioxidant trace elements lead to increase GSH and SOD production with consequent to decrease tissue lipid peroxidation.
The current study provided evidence which supports the following:
1- Camel milk rich in trace element especially selenium.
2- Whole camel milk has a protective effect against heavy metal toxicity as aluminum chloride which causes reproductive, hepatic and renal toxicity.
3- Camel milk has a beneficial effect on the physiological function of reproductive system by elevation trace elements which increase testosterone with consequent improvement of spermatogenesis and testicular antioxidant parameters.
4- Casein has a beneficial effect when administrated alone but casein administration before aluminum chloride unable to relief the hazard effect of aluminum chloride toxicity.