الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders categorized by chronic hyperglycemia which resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin activity or both.
Type 2 DM is considered as metabolic syndrome which is a combined with IR which cause numerous secondary complications such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The number of affected people is growing all over the world. So diabetes mellitus become a severe health problem.
Natural plants with therapeutic effects are very hopeful in the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes, due to their negligible side effect and low price.
Stevia leaf extract has been used in the treatment of diabetes. Steviol glycosides have an enhancing effect on insulin secretion by directly acting on -cells without altering the K +ATP channel activity and cAMP level in the islets, thus documenting stevioside and steviol as potent antihyperglycemic agents. Stevioside regulate blood glucose levels by enhancing not only insulin secretion but also insulin utilization in insulin-deficient rats; which was due to decreased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression in rat liver by stevioside’s action of slowing down gluconeogenesis.
Lupin seeds are characterized by a high content of protein, conglutin– ,may regulate muscle energy metabolism, protein synthesis and many gene transcription involved in carbohydrate metabolism through the modulation of the same insulin signalling pathway, suggesting the potential therapeutic use of this natural legume protein in the treatment of diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, as well as the potential conglutin-γ influence on muscle cells differentiation and regulation of muscle growth.