الفهرس 
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Abstract
There has been a growing interest during the last decades regarding zoonotic infections. World Health Organization (WHO) has included echinococcosis as part of a neglected zoonosis subgroup in its 2008–2015 strategic plans for the control of neglected tropical diseases.
Echinococcus spp. are among the most geographically widespread zoonotic infections with high transmission rates in rural communities across regions of South America, Mediterranean littoral, East Africa, Central Asia and Middle East. Prevalence rates from previous literature fall between 2% - 60%, Egypt is considered to have high prevalence in some regions up to 55.6% among livestock animals.
There are many consequences of CE which represents an economic loss such as reduction of yield and quality of meat, milk and wool; decreased hide value; reduced birth rate and fecundity. Also, delayed performance and growth; affection of organs, especially liver and lungs; high costs for destruction of infected viscera of dead animals.
In the light of the above, the current work aimed to characterize both morphologically and genetically hydatid cysts (hydatidosis) isolated from slaughtered camels.
One hundred thirty-one camel from Kom Hamada abattoir Al Behera Governorate, Egypt were recruited for this study after obtaining ethical approval from Committee of Ethics in Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University and the administrative authorities of Kom Hamada slaughter house. The study concentrated on the predilection sites (lung, liver and spleen) which were examined by visual inspection and palpation for every slaughtered camel.
The following data were recorded:
1. Age of camels was obtained from slaughter house authority.
2. Examined sites inspected by the veterinary.
3. Site of collected cysts and their dimensions.
Criteria for cyst collection for further identification were based on previous literature. Hydatid cysts collected from infected organs were sent to MRI Parasitology Department in sterile containers. Hydatid cysts were subjected to macroscopic examination at which classification based on: type, dimensions and viability of cyst were done. Hydatid cysts content was subjected to direct microscopic examination using eosin viability stain. Whole hydatid cysts were preserved in formalin for further histopathological examination.
Histopathological study was performed for hydatid cysts and neighboring tissue. They were stained with H&E stain for confirmation of infection.
For molecular analysis, DNA were extracted from hydatid contents using QIAamp DNA Mini kit according to manufacturer’s instructions. The extracted DNA was stored at – 20 ˚C until use. Extracted DNA samples were subjected to PCR analysis for amplifying mitochondrial COX1 gene using JB 3 and JB 4.5 primers, followed by amplicon detection by electrophoresis on agarose gel (1.5%) stained by ethidium bromide. The amplicons length was 450 bp.
Sequencing was performed with JB 3 primer using Sanger Sequencing technique (Applied Biological Materials (abm) Richmond, BC Canada) according to the
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recommendations of the manufacturer. Sequencing products were analyzed with a Genetic Analyzer ABI PRISM 3130 (Applied Biosystems). Based upon sequence data, a split network tree was constructed with cluster tree neighboring-joining phylogenetic analysis using the bioinformatic tools of BioEdit V.7.0.5.
The data were entered, verified and analyzed using SPSS software using appropriate statistical tests. Differences and associations were considered statistically significant at P <0.05.
After conducting the laboratory methods for identification and classification of cysts and appropriate statistical processing of the data obtained, the results revealed throughout this study can be summarized as follows: Echinococcosis was detected in 36 camels out of 131 examined with overall infection rate 27%. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of hydatid cysts isolated from different organs (lung, liver and spleen) of infected camels revealed presences of three main types of cysts: fluid filled (fertile or sterile), dry (calcified or semi-calcified) and caseated ones (in liver only). Eosin viability test was done on fluid aspirated from hydatid cyst to reveal the presences of viable protoscoleces (60.93%) and lung was the predominating organ.
Histopathological findings confirmed the existence of hydatid cysts and described the presence of three layers inner germinal layer, laminated layer and outer adventitial layer. Histopathological results illustrated presences of protoscoleces in lung and spleen sections and many infiltrating inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts.
Molecular detection of Echinococcus mitochondrial COX1 gene was successfully amplified by PCR in 36 samples out of 38, from lungs, livers and spleen. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of six Echinococcus species mainly G6 and G1 which previously been recorded as dominant strains in livestock animals and humans. Moreover, the sample from the spleen was identified as E. multilocularis which is the first time to be detected in Egypt.
On conclusion, taking in consideration all the preceding data, it affords good evidence that camels play a chief role for the maintenance of Echinococcus life cycle in Egypt and Sudan.