الفهرس 
Risk factors
Urothelial neoplasia:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary & Conclusion
The study was faced by limitations as sample size was small making it
less representative of the population and the absence of a hospital database
system for patients’ admission and follow-up.
In conclusion, this is the first registry for patients admitted with bladder mass
in Tanta university hospitals. Our patients were similar to registry
observations present in Europe and the United States.
Of the risk factors of bladder cancer, smoking history reported in about
three quarters of our patients, such higher smoking prevalence in Egyptian
patients is confirmed when compared to results of older studies in Egypt.
Smoking may represent the main risk factor of bladder cancer nowadays in
Egypt. In contrast, Prevalence of Bilharziasis shows a great decrease in more
modern studies due to governmental Bilharziasis control programs. This
subsequently shows great changes in the pattern of pathology of bladder
cancer in Egypt represented by a shift from SCC to TCC resembling the
pattern in developed countries.
The main presenting symptoms of bladder cancer are hematuria and
hydronephrosis. Even patients whose masses are accidently discovered were
suffering from microscopic hematuria. Hydronephrosis may be used as an
indicator of muscle invasion as mentioned in the present study and may
affect the decision of urinary diversion in candidates for radical cystectomy
and urinary diversion.
Most of the urothelial carcinoma was non-muscle invasive which is a
similar pattern to the incidence of NMIBC in western countries.
Subsequently, most of the cases receive intravesical BCG. In muscle
invasive cases, the perioperative conditions of the patients may alter surgical
decision and may increase rate of bladder preservation protocols as many
patients suffered from liver dysfunctions as liver cirrhosis and hepatitis C.