الفهرس 
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Abstract
This is a prospective observational study included 54 children with different stages of chronic renal diseases (from stage 1 to stage 5, undialysed and haemodialysed). All patients were recruited from the pediatric nephrology unit and pediatric hemodialysis unit at El-Minia university hospital, Minia governorate during the period from March 2015 to October 2016. The aim of this study was to investigate the Electroencephalogram findings in different stages of chronic kidney disease.
We excluded children with hepatitis c ,chronic liver disease ,metabolic abnormalities ,epilepsy ,CNS infection ,acute brain disease, trauma ,and abnormal CT .
All included children were subjected to complete history taking and clinical examination.
Also they were subjected to laboratory investigations including serum urea, creatinine ,Na ,K and EEG was recorded for them.
Our study revealed that:
CKD stages (3, 4 & 5) had significantly higher Theta pattern record compared to stages 1 & 2. (33.3% of both stage 3 & 4 and 50% of stage 5 cases have shown theta records). We also observed that there is progressive increase in the change of alpha wave on afferent stimulation as the CKD stages progress.
The patients with stage 1 CKD have symmetric discharges and stage (3, 4 & 5) had significantly higher Asymmetry pattern and Dysrythmia pattern records compared to Stage 1 & 2 (20.0% of stage 5 cases had Asymmetry pattern and also, 20.0% of stage 5 cases had Dysrythmia pattern).
There is a significant increase of low amplitude (<50 uV) in stage 4 (50.0%) and stage 5 (46.7 %) respectively compared to stage 1 & 2 (to some extent this result is found in high amplitude). However, there are equivocal reflections in medium amplitude.
The present results showed that, with the progression of CKD stage, sharp wave transients or findings increases (stage 5had sharp wave transients in 22 cases, 73.3%) with a significant difference compared to the earlier CKD stages.
So we concluded that pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease have obvious distinct EEG deviations from normality and EEG can be used as a prognostic indicator of response to clinical therapy of CKD.