الفهرس 
Strains of bacteria and fungi
Classification: (Taxonomy and Nomenclature)Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The Thesis includes the introduction and the scientific survey of previous studies in the published researches in this field and the preparation of the materials pomegranate extracts and synthesis copper nanoparticle by two different green methods and their characterization and the results of the application of these substances and their effects as antimicrobial and anticancer as follows: As a result of increase the use of antibacterial and antifungal drug in the treatment of infections in the recent decades and the emergence of microbial resistant to those antibiotics as well as the presence of side effects on humans. So that we need antimicrobial substitutes without or with low side effects. Cancer is ranked third after heart disease and stroke in the United States, which increase the death of a large number. So that we need anticancer drugs. This thesis aims to study the effect of pomegranate juice, pomegranate extract and nanoparticles to treat bacterial and fungal infections. Studying their activity as antimicrobial and anti-cancer. This Thesis has been built on three sequential ideas; Firstly, preparation of pomegranate juice, pomegranate extract, preparation of nanoparticle particles by ascorbic acid and preparation of nanoparticles by pomegranate juice as a source of ascorbic acid. Secondly, Definition and characterization of the prepared materials. Thirdly, study of the effect of these substances as antimicrobial and anti - cancer. The activity of materials prepared on microbial organisms has been tested to study the effect of these substances as antimicrobial and anticancer. 1- Preparation of pomegranate extracts The first part as natural juice was lyophilized and the color converted from red to reddish black color as dough sample (pomegranate lyophilized juice Sample no., 1). The second part of juice was used for preparation of pomegranate extract; the supernatant color was clear pink (Sample no., 2) and the precipitate had dark pink color, the precipitate color converted from dark pink to brownish pink, (Sample no., 3). 2- Synthesis of copper nanoparticles from pomegranate sample They were prepared as follows, by adding ethylene glycol to copper sulphate and deionized water, adding pomegranate juice, adding sodium hydroxide, leaving the solution for 3 hours and 20 minutes in the presence of 80 ° C temperature and 800 rpm, then using the centrifuge to separate the solution into the precipitate color had the dark brown color (copper nanoparticles from pomegranate pellet, sample no., 4). And the supernatant color converted from light brownish pink to black color solution as black honey (copper nanoparticles from pomegranate supernatant, sample no., 5). 3- Synthesis of copper nanoparticles from L-ascorbic acid They were prepared as follows, by adding ascorbic acid to water copper chloride and deionized water, then adding sodium hydroxide, leaving the solution for 24 hours and 49 minutes, the precipitate had the bluish white color solid (Copper nanoparticles from L-ascorbic Acid pellet sample no., 6). And the supernatant color converted from light brown to golden color then dark brown (copper nanoparticles from L-ascorbic supernatant, sample no., 7). 4- characterization and identification of the materials 4.1. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) characterization It was found that many peaks obtained by the pomegranate extract have been repeated in the FT-IR spectrum of copper nanoparticles with changes in the position as well as the intensity of absorption. The water-soluble compounds such as terpenoids are present in pomegranate extract has the ability to perform dual functions of reduction and stabilization of copper nanoparticles. Peaks were observed correspond to the hydroxyl, oxidated ester carbonyl groups, and conjugated carbonyl groups, respectively. These results indicated the presence of the polyhydroxyl structure on the surface of copper nanoparticles, which has an excellent dispersion effect on it. The presence of ascorbic acid (natural vitamin C), polyphenols and other phytonutrients present in pomegranate extract are mainly responsible for the bio reduction process, because of the scavenging ability of their –OH groups. The antioxidant property of polyphenolic compounds is mainly due to the redox property that allows them to act as reducing agents.