الفهرس 
Classification of diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemic, glucosuria and negative nitrogen balance and it is mainly due to lack of insulin secretion or action in beta cells of pancreas. It is the most prevalent disease in the world. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology of diabetic complications such as atherosclerosis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural compounds play an important role in management of diabetes mellitus. It can consume in large amounts every day in diet .phlorotannis are the main bioactive compounds in brown seaweeds that exhibit a wide range of biological activities and have many therapeutic effects. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of phlorotannis extracted from two Egyptian brown seaweeds Cystoseira compressa and Sargassum linifolium. Phlorotannis has been extracted and identified by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) which indicated that spectra of the extracted phlorotannis has λ max at 295 nm. Also FT/IR showed the presence of OH, C-H, C=C, C=O, C-OH and C-O-C bond in phlorotannis extracts. Phlorotannis also identified by chemical method by Folin-Ciocalteu test, and DMBA assay. Furthermore, UPLC/MS analysis showed that the main compounds identified in Cystoseira compressa extract belonged to the fuhalol and in Sargassum linifolium extract belonged to the fuhalol and carmalol derivatives. Phlorotannis was considered a strong anti-oxidative components due to the presence of multiple phenolic groups, the antioxidant potential of phlorotannis was assessed by three different antioxidant methods, as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) test, DPPH assay and ABTS• assay. Phlorotannis extracts showed antibacterial activity against three tested bacterial species [Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus] by the disk diffusion method, the antibacterial activity increased by increasing phlorotannis extract concentration from 50 to 300 mg/ml. The highest inhibition zones were recorded with E.coli followed by S.aureus and finally B.cereus at concentration 300 mg/ml. In vivo study, the mechanism of work on experimental animals (white male wistar albino rats with average body weight 280-300 gm, age 2-3 months was as follows: Fifty white male albino rats were divided into 6 groups as follows. • Groups 1: (G.I) The control normal group. Normal healthy rats received no drugs, served as the normal control for all experimental groups. • group 2(G. II); the control normal rats group which received 60 mg/kg body weight of phlorotannis from Cystoseira compressa extract by gavage daily. • group 3(G. III): The control normal rats group which received 60 mg/kg Body weight of phlorotannis from Sargassum linifolium extract by gavage daily. • group 4(G.IV): The diabetic control rat group, (rats were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ, 60 mg kg-1 body weight). • group 5 (G.V): The diabetic rats group treated with phlorotannis from Cystoseira compressa extract (60 mg/kg body weight) by gavage syringe daily for 4 weeks. • group 6 (G.VI): The diabetic group treated with phlorotannis from Sargassum linifolium extract (60 mg/kg body weight) by gavage syringe daily for 4 weeks. Blood was collected from all experimental groups from the retro-orbital vein for determination of serum glucose, insulin in order to ensure the hyperglycemia state. Liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas were collected at the end of duration of treatment after four weeks. Kidney function tests (urea and creatinine) were estimated. Also cholesterol and triacylglycerol were measured. In addition, Alpha amylase and glucosidase activities, MDA as oxidative stress, catalase activity and GSH levels were determined. Histological findings of pancreas also observed. The obtained results were statistically analyzed and can be summarized as follow: • Serum glucose level decreased and serum insulin level elevated in diabetic rats treated with phlorotannis extracts as compared to the STZinduced diabetic rats. • Serum total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TAG) reduced in the treated phlorotannis extracts groups as compared with diabetic rats group. • Serum urea level and creatinine decreased in diabetic rats treated with phlorotannis extract as compared with diabetic group. • Alpha amylase and glucosidase activity decreased in diabetic rats treated with phlorotannis extract as compared to STZ-induced diabetic rats. • Liver MDA decreased in diabetic group treated with phlorotannis extract. While, catalase activity and GSH level increased with the treatment with phlorotannis extract as compared to STZ-induced diabetic rats. • AMPKα2 gene expression was activated in the diabetic rats treated with phlorotannis extract as compared to control diabetic rat group. • Histological examination showed that the pancreatic sections of the diabetic rats showed an extensive destruction of the Langerhans’ islets, and some necrotic areas were often noticed with hydropic degeneration of islets. On the other hand the pancreatic sections of the diabetic rats which administrated (60 mg/kg) of phlorotannis extracts marked improvement in the size of islet, also restored the necrotic and fibrotic changes. from the obtained results, phlorotannis extracted from brown C. compressa and S. linifolium posses high antioxidant properties, antibacterial and antidiabetic potential, through the inhibition of pancreatic alpha –amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes and caused up regulation of AMPKα2 gene expression which an attractive target for diabetic therapies. These results support the use of seaweed phlorotannis extract in developing medicinal preparations for diabetes and its related symptoms.