الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The reduction in the petroleum reserves globally and increased environmental matters have push the scientific researcher to find an alternative renewable fuels that can provide the increasing in the energy demand. Research ideas and knowledge about the external benefits of renewable raw materials have concentrated the efforts for alternative energy sources. Biodiesel plays a main item in this area as the worldwide research, development, and deployment activities of this alternative energy source. Biodiesel liquid fuel is sustainable, biodegradable, more environmentally friendly, non-toxic, has lower emissions and produce as blende with petrodiesel. The present work deals with the discussion of the several ways for biodiesel production from various oil sources like (home domestic, restaurant, and waste frying oils). This by providing low cost raw material as a feed as an economical issue and to reduce the disposing of this oils to the sewer to avoid blockages of sewer pipes and the water pollution for rivers and seas as an environmental issue. This research discussed esterification and transesterification process for different type of oils to get the optimum operating conditions, which lead to the maximum biodiesel production yield. Firstly, several trials were carried out using Ultrasonic technique for the esterification reaction of oleic acid as highly FFA content. This was done by testing many homogenous / heterogonous catalysts like: Nickel Sulfate hexahydrate, Cupric Chloride dihydrate, Aluminum Silicate, Nickel Nitrate, and Aluminum Chloride, etc. Aluminum chloride gave the highest %FFA conversion at operating conditions of 18:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 60% amplitude of sonicator, 20 min by using 3 % w/w aluminum chloride catalyst. In addition, we tested aluminum chloride catalyst for the esterification reaction of restaurant oil at the operating condition of 15:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 13% amplitude of sonicator, and 20 min by using 0.5 % w/w aluminum chloride as a catalyst. The biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions from oleic acid was blended with petrodiesel to produce biodiesel blends B10 and B20. The analysis of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, B10 and B20 were carried out by using the standard methods according to ASTM, the results compared with standard values for diesel, and biodiesel fuel, it confirmed the compatibility of these fuel blends for use in diesel engines. The next step was transesterification of waste frying oil by Ultrasonic to reach the optimum conditions, using phosphate rock as heterogeneous catalysts. The transesterification optimum conditions are 3:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 13% amplitude of sonicator, and 4 min by using 3 % w/w phosphate rock as a catalyst. Another heterogeneous catalyst was tested, Magnetic phosphate rock, the transesterification optimum conditions are 3:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 13% amplitude of sonicator, and 3 min by using 3 % w/w magnetic phosphate rock as a catalyst. Another heterogeneous catalyst was tested, mixed phosphate rock with CaO, the transesterification optimum conditions are 3:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 13% amplitude of sonicator, and 3 min by using 2 % w/w phosphate rock mixed with CaO as a catalyst. B10 and B20 biodiesel blends was produced by blending the produced biodiesel with petrodiesel. The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, B10 and B20 were analyzed and the results confirmed the compatibility of these blended fuels for the use in diesel engines. The B10 and B20 blends were tested in a diesel engine. Biodiesel blends improved the petrodiesel performance in the diesel engine. Compared to petrodiesel, biodiesel blends decreased the fuel consumption, decreased the brake specific fuel consumption, and increased the brake thermal efficiency. The exhaust emissions produced from the B10 and B20 blends combustion were measured and compared with petrodiesel. B10 and B20 blends reduced the emissions of HC, CO. However, the NOx emission produced from biodiesel blends combustion increased but still within range.