الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Patients with kidney disorders are presenting more frequently in orthodontic practice due to improvements in medical care resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality. The most common renal condition to present to the orthodontist is chronic kidney diseases (CKD). CKD occurs after progressive renal damage. The symptoms and signs vary and can affect diverse body systems. Bone disease or renal osteo-dystrophy is an almost universal feature of CKD. Calcium metabolism is compromised by an elevated parathyroid hormone and by disruption in vitamin D metabolism. This results in secondary hyperparathyroidism.(1)
In addition, recurrent or chronic inflammatory processes are common in individuals with CKD. This is due to many underlying factors, including the uremic milieu, elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, carbonyl stress, protein-energy wasting (PEW), enhanced incidence of infections (especially dialysis access related), and others. Although the definition of inflammation is unclear in this setting, CKD-associated chronic inflammation, as assessed by increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels above 5 mg/L.(2) So, renal insufficiency (RI), as a bone metabolic disease, is expected to influence bone manipulative procedures such as orthodontics. However, experimental studies that show the effect of RI on Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) have not been reported in our country.
Previous studies on experimental tooth movement have shown that the simultaneous administration of dihydroxy cholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) (Vitamin D3) and the application of mechanical force induce the formation of many osteoclasts and enhance bone resorption(3), resulting in significantly faster rates of tooth movement than those produced by mechanical force alone(4). It is well known that 1,25(OH)2D3 has an anabolic effect on bone metabolism. Osteoblastic cells have receptors with high affinity for 1,25(OH)2D3, a finding which provides further support for the idea of its regulatory function in bone formation and mineralization(5). Also it is well known that chronic kidney diseased patients have vit.D deficiency.
Accordingly, the rate of bone formation in relation to OTM in CKD patients in combination of vit.D3 seemed to be a point of worthy investigation. So, this study was conducted to highlight this aim.
Aim of the study:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of chronic renal insufficiency on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits with and without local injection of 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol.