الفهرس 
HYSTEROSCOPYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Office hysteroscopy has become increasingly used as first line investigation for abnormal uterine bleeding and other diseases involving the uterine cavity. The main limitation to its widespread use is pain and low patient tolerance.
Sources of pain during traditional diagnostic hysteroscopy include insertion of the speculum, application of the tenaculum to the cervix, its traction, and the introduction of the hysteroscope through the cervical canal. Local anesthesia is used by many hysteroscopists.
Because pain is the main reason patients do not complete a given hysteroscopy procedure, developing strategies to reduce pain in the outpatient setting is essential. Thus, in the last decade there has been a lot of research on procedural and technical aspects of hysteroscopy, as well as on the equipment that may reduce the pain experienced by outpatients under-going this procedure.
The application of a pulsed electrical current through the skin using surface electrodes is known as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). It is a non-invasive form of analgesic treatment that is often used as an alternative to pharmacological treatments and even surgery.
TENS is widely used to treat both chronic and acute pain in musculoskeletal pathologies although it has also been used to successfully treat visceral-origin pain in endoscopic diagnostic tests.
This is a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study conducted on 120 women underwent office hysteroscopy, they were divided into 2 groups (TENS group, n=60) (Placebo group, n =60) with no significant difference between both groups regarding age, weight, height, parity, nulliparous, previous vaginal deliveries and CS.
Also, history of previous office hysteroscopy, endometrial thickness, suspicious polyps, suspicious endometrial carcinoma all were of no significance between both groups.
Results of pain scores (VAS, Likert sale), symptoms of pain and satisfaction rate were non statistically significant between both groups.
There was significant negative correlation between VAS and height, Likert scale, while positive correlation with age was found but it was non significant regarding weight, parity and satisfaction rate.