الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and/or abnormal insulin secretion. Defects in carbohydrate metabolic machinery pose an over exertion on the endocrine system leading to the disruption of endocrine control. It exacerbates the metabolic disturbances by altering carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, which leads to hyperglycemia
Insulin resistance is a condition in which insulin is unable to produce its responses, such as increasing glycogen synthesis and decreasing gluconeogenesis (impaired ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose).
It is the major abnormality in T2DM that describes the metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of clinical, and biochemical features that includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, accelerated atherosclerosis, and dyslipidemia.
Treatment of T2DM patients with sulfonylureas and biguanides is associated with side effects .Naturally occurring phytochemicals with antidiabetic activities are relatively non-toxic, inexpensive and accessible in an ingestive form. At present, there is special interest on natural antioxidants derived from edible plants with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties and fewer side effects for the management of lifestyle-related diseases, which are caused by an imbalance in energy homeostasis. There are evidences suggesting that phytochemicals having antioxidant properties are associated with a lower risk of mortality. The antioxidant activity of plants may be due to their phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids.
p-Coumaric acid is a phenolic compound abundantly presents in pineapple, widely distributed in plants and form a part of human diet such as grapes, tomato, spinach, coffee, carrot, and garlic. It reveals antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective effect, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic activity. In addition to this, it also prevents lysosomal dysfunction, reduces myocardial infarct size and inhibits melanogenesis .
Our study aims to evaluate the protective effect of p-coumaric acid on fructose-induced insulin resistance in rats.
This study was conducted on 30 male albino rats divided into 3 groups and each group contains 10 rats.
Control group: 10 rats received normal saline for all the duration of the study.
Fructose group: 10 rats received fructose 60% dissolved in water for 5 weeks.
Coumaric +fructose group: 10 rats received p-coumaric acid 100mg/kg/day for 4 weeks orally followed by fructose 60 ‰ dissolved in water for 5 weeks.
At the end of the experimental period, BMI and blood pressure were measured then all the animals were fasted overnight and sacrificed then blood samples were taken, and the liver was excised for biochemical analysis for measurement of insulin, glucose, lipid profile, ALT , AST and oxidative stress biomarkers. HOMA-IR test was taken as an indicator of insulin resistance.
There was significant elevation of BMI, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, fasting plasma (cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels) and MDA with decrease of HDL, SOD and glutathione in fructose group when compared to control group. All these results were reversed by oral administration of p-coumaric acid.
Conclusion: The results of the present study clearly indicate that p-coumaric acid has a glucose lowering and antioxidant effect. It was also found to be highly effective in managing the complications associated with diabetes mellitus, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity .Therefore p-coumaric acid shows therapeutic promise as a protective agent against diabetes mellitus.