الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation tackles the innovations in the language of the Amarna Period analyzing the verbal system. The study shows that the Verbal System in the Amarna Period participated in developing the analytical system of the LE and also used the suffix conjugation of the classical phase in some cases. The language of the Amarna Period and its innovations were not attested suddenly or unexpectedly, compared to the period of Kamose. Some other forms were already attested Pre-Amaran, as the researcher has shown in the first and third chapters. On top of that, the new style of the language was an essential feature at Akhetaten itself and it did not reach Saqqara, Thebes or any other city in the reign of Akhenaten. This happen probably due to overwhmwelming domianance of the local dialect. The language characteristics presented in the second and fourth chapters. Besides, the Amarna Period texts showed very clearly one of the most important features of this period, which is the specific use in one tense of different forms or constructions.
Moreover, the researcher explores the idea of these innovations of the Amarna Period at Akhetaten, which were introduced by Akhenaten himself and his scribes following his orders. This was a significant feature, which is presented in the Royal Texts and Private Texts in the direct speech of the king. The statistic study tackled the attestation of the instances, which is subdivided into two main parts: (1) Pre-Amarna Period including (63.33%), (2) the Amarna Period containing (36.67%).
Keywords
Language, Verbal system, Amarna Period, Late Egyptian, Akhenaten.
Summary
When Akhenaten became king at the end of the 18th Dynasty, he started a religious, artistic (in the Aten temple east of Karnak) and architectural revolution at Thebes. On the other hand, it was when he moved to Amarna that innovations in language began in the Amarna Period. The Language used in the Amarna Period was characterized by a number of ways, but the most important one that is one can recognize patterns of colloquial language emphasized as an official language. In spite of that, Akhenaten did not neglect the Classical forms, but both were used side by side. Perhaps one of the important reasons for choosing this subject is the importance of the Amarna Period in the transitional stage of Classical Egyptian (CE) to the Late Egyptian (LE) and as a witness to the emergence of the verbal system in the late stage.
The researcher divided the corpus of the study into four categories; 1. Royal Texts (Boundary Stelae), 2. Private Texts (Private Rock Tombs), 3. Miscellaneous, 4. Non-literary texts (Papyri, Ostraca and Dockets) Hieratic texts.
Questions of the Study
•Was the Verbal System in the Amarna Period abandoned the suffix conjugation of the classical phase?
•Was the language of the Amarna Period a sudden and unexpected language development compared to the period preceding it? And why?
• Who adopted the new style of language, was it the king, the scribes or due to the influence of the local dialect?
• Did Akhenaten introduce these linguistic innovations himself, or was it thought about, beforehand and then adopted by Akhenaten?
•Did the spoken language become the written language?
Aims of the study
To produce a specific classification scheme and statistical study of the Amarna texts. Beside, identifying the new forms those were the Amarna renewals that became common during the Amarna Period. At the end, the researcher compared the innovations, which were existed at Tell el-Amarna with others outside the city during Akhenaten epoch.
Methodology
The study is divided into two main parts; the first one is about the Transitional Egyptian Verbal Forms, which verify Pre-Amarna and used during the Amarna and the innovated forms by the Amarna Period. As tackled in the first and second chapters. The second part is on the Late Egyptian Verbal System, which was ocurred Pre-Amarna and was used during the Amarna and the innovated constructions by the Amarna Period. Studied in the third and fourth chapters. It is followed by statistic study. The researcher investigated these two parts through an analytical study to understand those Verbal System positions in the sentence. Beside, the arrangement of the forms and constructions in the four chapters are happening as affirmative forms and constructions first, and then negative forms and constructions, according to: Satzinger, Junge and other linguists.
Conclusion
This study proved that, the Verbal System in the Amarna Period develops the analytical system of the LE and also used the suffix conjugation of the Classical phase in some cases. The language of the Amarna texts and its innovations were not attested suddenly or unexpectedly, compared to the period of Kamose at the 17th Dynasty, while some other forms were already attested Pre-Amaran, as the researcher has shown in the first and the third chapters.
The Amarna Period texts showed very clearly one of the important characteristics of this period, the specific use in one tense of different forms or constructions. The new style of language was a characteristic of the city itself and it did not reach to Saqqara, Thebes or any other city at the reign of Akhenaten, which could mean it is due to the influence of the local dialect.
According to the statistic study one can encounter that, the Akhenaten himself and his scribes following his orders introduced these innovations of the Amarna Period at Akhetaten. This was a clear feature, which is presented in the Royal Texts and Private Texts in the direct speech of the king. The attestation of the instances, which is subdivided into two main parts: (1) Pre-Amarna Period including (63.33%), (2) the Amarna Period containing (36.67%).