الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study aimed to screen for insulin gene in camel milk exosomes and study their effects on viability of pancreatic cells and STZ-induced diabetic rats Exosomes were isolated from the camel milk and exosomal insulin gene was detected and then sequenced. The MTT assay was achieved to assess the effect of camel milk exosomes on human pancreatic cancer PANC1 and normal pancreatic H6c7 cells. STZ was used to induce diabetes in rats, which further treated with camel milk and its exosomes. The alterations in biochemical parameters, oxidant/antioxidant status, spleen and liver histopathology were determined. Real time PCR was used to detect the relative expression of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and insulin receptor (IR) genes in the liver,gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), Bcl2, Bax genes, TNFa and IL1b genes in the pancreas, that reflects the changes in transcription levels of these genes in STZ-induced diabetic rats following treatment with camel milk and/or its exosomes. Sampling: At the end of the experiment (4 weeks), blood samples were collected in either EDTA-coated vacutainer tubes (for blood glucose) or plain tubes which were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min to obtain serum (for serum biochemical assay). After sacrificing, the pancreas, spleen and liver were immediately excised and either snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen (for real-time PCR), homogenized (for tissue biochemical assay), or fixed in 10% formalin (for histopathological examination). Result • PANC1 cells treated with camel milk exosomes at concentrations equal to their IC50 (37.18 µg/ml) showed a significantly upregulated expression of Bax and caspase 3 and a significantly downregulated expression of Bcl2 as compared to vehicle(DMSO)-treated control group. However, H6c7 cells treated with the same concentrations of exosomes exhibited a significant decrease in Bax and caspase 3 and a significant increase in Bcl2 expression. • Insulin gene with a size of 264 bp was amplified from exosomes. The nucleotide alignment showed identical sequences with published camel sequences. •Treatment with STZ resulted in a significant decrease in total protein, albumin, globulin, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels associated with a significant increase in the levels of glucose and malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared with the control group. •STZ reduced Glut4 and IR expression in the liver of rats and GIPR, GLP1R and Bcl2 expression in the pancreas while increased Bax, TNFa and IL1b genes expressionin the pancreas. •Liver of diabetic rats had diffuse hepatic vacuolation, while their spleen showed lymphoid depletion •Co-administration of camel milk and /or its exosomes were able to normalize the glucose level, antioxidant status, most of the biochemical parameters, induced Glut4 and IR genes expression in the liver, induced GIPR and GLP1R genes expression in the pancreas, upregulated Bcl2 and downregulated Bax genes expression in the pancreas, and regenerated the histopathological changes in liver and spleen