الفهرس 
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Abstract
The majority of vegetables and fruits contain pesticide residues; Which eventually reaches the consumer and gradually causes healthy hazards from short-term to chronic impacts.
To ensure consumers food safety and to protect human health in Minia Governorate, This study is monitor the presence and concentrations of a total of 103 pesticides and one synergist in 42 samples of green beans and pomegranate collected from markets of Minia Governorate. The plan of this research included: -
1- Determination of the level of residues of pesticides in both green beans and pomegranates. 2 2- Comparison of actual pesticide residues values found in samples of green beans and pomegranate comparing with the maximum Residue Limit (MRL’s). 3 3- Determine the percentage of contamination of pesticide residues in green beans and pomegranates and determine the percentage of violation (exceeding the maximum Residue Limit (MRL’s).
To achieve this, the following work was done: -
Samples were collected, including eighteen (18) samples of green beans and twenty-four (24) samples of pomegranates from local markets and farms in the province of Minia, including six centers (Bani Mazar - Matay - Samalut - Minia - Abu Qurqas - Malawi) October 2018. Samples were extracted by (QuEChERS) and analyzed using (LC / MS / MS) and (GC / MS / MS) methods.
The results can be presented as follows: -
Determination pesticide residues in green beans: -
Results showed that 27.78%of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, however, 72.22% contained detectable pesticide without violation. Also, Data showed that the highest commonly detected pesticides were Carbendazim, followed by Chlorpropham and Lambada -cyhalothrin, and the piperonyl butoxide synergist found were 5,3,2 and 3, respectively. The lowest frequently detected pesticides, which detected only one time, were Imidacloprid, Methoxyfenozide, Profenofos, Thiophanate-methyl and Tetramethrin. The most contaminated market was Abu Qurqas market followed by Minia, Matay, Malawi, Samalout and Beni Mazar. The results also showed that ten samples contained residues of one pesticide and a sample contained residues of four pesticides.
Determination pesticides residues in pomegranates: -
Results indicated that 16.67% of the samples had no detectable residues of pesticides, however 50% contained detectable residues without violation and 33.33% contained residues that exceeded maximum residue limits (MRL’s).
Also, Data showed that the highest frequently detected pesticides was Cypermethrin followed by Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Cyfluthrin, Carbendazim, Thiophanate-methyl, Spirodiclofen, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos, Methomyl and Fenpyroximate found were 13, 12, 8, 7, 6, 6, 4, 3, 3, 2 and 2, respectively. The lowest frequently detected pesticides, which detected only one time, were Carbofuran, Carbofuran3-hydroxy, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Lufenuron and Omethoate. The violated samples were pomegranate in Matay followed by Minia, Abu Qurqas and Malawi. The violated compounds were seven pesticides (i.e. Acetamiprid, Cyfluthrin, Chlorpyrifos, Thiophanate-methyl, Methomyl, Dimethoate and Omethoate). The most contaminated market were Minia and Matay followed by Bani Mazar then Abu Qarqas followed by Malawi and Samalut and Mohamed Ahmed farm’s in Malawi. The results also showed that five samples contained residues of one pesticide and two samples contained residues of eight pesticides.
Determination pesticide residues in green beans and pomegranates: -
Results showed that 21% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, however, 60% contained detectable residues without violation and 19%contained residues that exceeded maximum residue limits (MRL’s).
Also, Data showed that The highest frequently detected pesticides were Cypermethrin and Imidacloprid in 13 samples followed by Carbendazim in 11samples, Acetamiprid in 8samples, Cyfluthrin and Thiophanate-methyl in 7samples, Lambda-Cyhalothrin in 5samples, Spirodiclofen in 4samples, Chlorpropham and Chlorpyrifos in 3samples, Methomyl and Fenpyroximate in 2samples. And the synergist piperonyl butoxide in 3samples. The lowest frequently detected pesticides, which detected only one time were Carbofuran, Carbofuran3-hydroxy, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Lufenuron, Methoxyfenozide, Omethoate, Profenofos and Tetramethrin. The violated samples were only in pomegranate in Matay followed by Minia, Abu Qurqas and Malawi. The violated compounds were seven pesticides (i.e. Acetamiprid, Cyfluthrin, Chlorpyrifos, Thiophanate-methyl, Methomyl, Dimethoate and Omethoate). The most contaminated market were Minia and Matay followed by Abu Qarqas then Bani Mazar followed by Malawi and Samalut and Mohamed Ahmed farm’s in Malawi. The results also showed that fifteen samples contained residues of one pesticide and two samples contained residues of eight pesticides.
Conclusion:
This study examined pesticide residue levels in widely used green bean and pomegranate in Minia Governorate markets.
The results showed that the pesticide residues occurrence in green beans and pomegranate in Minia Governorate (Egypt) pointed to:- 1- It is urgent that comprehensive intervention measures be developed to reduce the potential health risk to consumers. . 2- Need to monitor pesticide residues regularly in vegetables and fruits in Minia Governorate and other Governorates in Egypt. . 3- It is probable that the good agricultural practices (GAP) will not be well practiced. . 4- Control of the use and regulation of pesticides should be strengthened. . 5- Well-developed training courses should be implemented to develop farmers’ awareness of how to apply pesticides.
from the obtained results we can conclude that: -
1 -Farmers did not follow appropriate precautions regarding the use of properly authorized pesticides (doses, when to use, pre-harvest periods, good agricultural practices).
2 - Some farmers apply pesticides without regard to their position on registration and recommendations for use.
3 - Pesticides are applied randomly and do not follow the instructions for the application of the pesticide.
The levels of pesticide residues observed from a public health perspective pose a potential health risk to consumers. To lower the risk, we must follow these points: -
1- Monitoring programs for pesticide residues in all food products should be maintained in order to provide and update a data base through which future strategies for pest control and consumer protection against indiscriminate exposure to pesticides can be implemented.
2-To prioritize the development of strategies to reduce pesticides in agriculture by training farmers to use pesticides in a wise and secure manner and to encourage the use of alternatives to chemicals in the control of pests such as biological control.
3- Compliance with the rules of application of pesticides (especially pre – harvest Intervals).