الفهرس 
Water pollutionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and conclusions
The thesis aims to prepare some simple and mixed metal oxides using combustion method and polymer by grafting copolymer. Also some of composites were prepared using the synthesized oxides and polymer. The obtained nanoparticles were investigated by using different instrumentals. The prepared simple oxides, polymer and composites were used as adsorbents for the removal of Pb2+ heavy metal from water and some parameters affecting Pb2+ adsorption were also studied.
This thesis consists of three main chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter includes a brief introduction about water pollution, Heavy metals and its harms on living things, as well as the different methods used to purify polluted water. It also includes the definition of nanomaterials and the different methods used in their preparation, as well as the different applications of nanomaterials. This chapter also contains literature survey on pervious work for simple oxides, polymer and their nanocomposites. Also, it contains the applications of the metal oxide nanoparticles and polymer in various fields such as water treatment.
Chapter 2: Experimental
This chapter contains the practical part of this thesis. It involves complete description of the chemicals and reagents were used in the synthesis of titanium oxide, iron oxide, polymer and their composites. Titanium oxide was synthesized by using combustion method and albumin egg fuel. The titanium oxide nanoparticles were obtained after calcination at 600 ºC for 30 min. Also, iron oxide was fabricated by using combustion method via using hexamine and urea as fuels. Fe2O3 nanoparticles were obtained after calcination at 500 ºC for 30 min.
Chitosan polymer was synthesized also by the addition of acrylic acid to chitosan by using grafting co-polymer preparation. Titanium and iron oxides nanocomposites were synthesized by using the synthesized titanium and iron oxide from combustion method with various ratio followed by the ultrasonication for 15 min. And then the obtained composites were dried for 2h at 50 ºC. TiO2/Fe2O3/Polymer nanocomposites were also prepared by the addition of titanium and iron oxides to the polymer with various ratio followed by the ultrasonication for 15 min. And then the obtained composite was dried for 2h at 50 ºC.
This chapter also includes the description of the instrumental tools such as XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, TG- DTA and AAs which used for the study of the synthesized simple and mixed oxides. It also contains the batch method which used the removal of organic dye from water using the fabricated nanoparticles as adsorbents. It also includes the explanation for the various factors influencing the removal efficiency.
Chapter 3: Results and discussion
This chapter contains the discussion and results of the extracted data. It can be divided into two main parts.
The first part
This part describes the characterization of the synthesized iron oxide,
titanium oxide, Chitosan derivative polymer, TiO2/Polymer, Fe2O3/Polymer and TiO2/Fe2O3/Polymer nanocomposites by means of powder x-ray (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), FTIR, and thermal analysis (TG - DTA).
The previous results showed that the preparation of titanium oxide using auto-combustion method in the nanometer range. The crystallite size were determined using x-ray powder diffraction and found to be 10.43, 11.75, 12.25 , 14.44 and 15.34 nm for the TA16, TA26, TA36, TA46 and TA56 samples, respectively.
The transmission electron microscopy showed that the crystalline spherical shape with agglomeration and the average particle sizes in the range of 14-20 nm. FT-IR spectra appeared the peaks at 400-650 cm-1, which related to the titanium oxide nanoparticles.
Iron oxide which prepared by using combustion method in the nanometer range was also characterized as follow. The crystallite size were determined by using x-ray powder diffraction and found to be 35.43, 52.6 and 44.78 nm for FHC, FUC and FHUC samples, respectively. The electron transmission microscopy showed the particles have different sizes of rohombedral molded Fe2O3 particles with hard agglomeration and average particle size in the range of 33 nm. FT-IR spectra appeared the peaks at 400-600 cm-1 which corresponding to iron oxide nanoparticles.
The prepared polymer showed that the crystallite size found to be 6.77 nm for CPA2 sample by using x-ray powder diffraction. The scanning electron microscope showed the particles have different sizes of sheets with high porosity. FT-IR spectra appeared the different peaks of various organic groups such as CH, NH, OH and COOH which corresponding to polymer.
The obtained results indicated that TiO2/Polymer and Fe2O3/Polymer nanocomposites were synthesized successfully and the x-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the presence of the obtained nanocomposites without any impurities, as well as the crystallite sizes were found in the range of 14-25 nm for all the synthesized nanocomposites. The scanning electron microscope showed the presence of the prepared nanocomposites in sheets with high porosity. FT-IR spectra appeared the peaks at 400-800 cm-1 which related to TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanocomposites and different peaks of various organic groups such as CH , NH, OH and COOH which corresponding to polymer.
The results also indicated that TiO2/ Fe2O3/Polymer nanocomposites were synthesized successfully and the x-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the presence of the obtained nanocomposites without any impurities, as well as the crystallite sizes were found in the range of 14-25 nm for all the synthesized nanocomposites. The scanning electron microscope showed the presence of the prepared nanocomposites in sheets with high porosity. FT-IR spectra appeared the peaks at 400-800 cm-1 which related to TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanocomposites and different peaks of various organic groups such as CH , NH , OH and COOH which corresponding to polymer.
The second Part
This part includes the adsorption data for the removal of lead ions (Pb+2)
by using the fabricated simple oxides, polymer and their composites. It also includes the results and discussion of the factors affecting the removal of the heavy metal under study from aqueous solutions such as contact time, initial heavy metal concentration, temperature, and adsorbent dose. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process were gained and the following remarks can be mentioned:
The optimum pH for the adsorption of Pb2+ heavy metal was found 5 for TiO2, Fe2O3, Chitosan derivative polymer, TiO2/Polymer, Fe2O3/Polymer and TiO2/Fe2O3/Polymer nano adsorbents.
The equilibrium time for the adsorption of Pb2+ heavy metal on TiO2, Fe2O3, Chitosan derivative polymer, TiO2/Polymer, Fe2O3/Polymer and TiO2/Fe2O3/Polymer nano-adsorbents was found to be 60 and120 min.
The lead removal decrease with raising the temperature for all the synthesized materials
The adsorption data fitted well the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order models for all employed nanoadsorbents.
The adsorption of Pb2+ showed non-spontaneous and exothermic process by using the TA26, FHC, CPA, TP11, FP11 and TFP11 nanocomposites as adsorbents
The prepared TA26, FHC, CPA1, CPA2, CPA3, TP11, TP12, TP21, FP11, FP12, FP21, TFP11, TFP12 and TFP21 nonoadsorbents showed adsorption capacities of 35, 30, 60, 230, 218, 120, 110.6, 104, 68, 66, 70, 116, 108 and 212 mg/g, respectively.