الفهرس 
Introduction and literature surveyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Shortage of clean and fresh drinking water is one of the toughest challenges of this century. The crisis of water shortage is expected to worsen for the upcoming generations due to the aggressive exploitation of water resources and coupled with the increasing population. Consequently, Water desalination become one of the most dependable solutions to increase fresh water supply as new techniques emerge in order to increase the capacity of water desalination to provide a larger supply of water. Also, the use of new highly functional materials which are both cost effective and ecofriendly. One of the promising water desalination technologies is Water Capacitive deionization which involves the removal of salt ions from saline water via electrosorption onto the surface of a highly surface area carbon electrodes upon the application of an external potential. In our study we introduced mesoporous carbon prepared using silica as the hard template and sucrose as the carbon precursor in a process involving carbonization of carbon/silica composite at three deferent temperatures 700,800 & 900 followed by etching of the silica template. The synthesized mesoporous carbon was thoroughly examined as it was subjected to characterization by different techniques comprising small angle XRD, wide angle XRD, Raman spectroscopy, Nitrogen sorption & Scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized material was studied using three different techniques Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and Potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS). As a pristine carbon material, the mesoporous carbon we synthesized exhibits high specific capacitance (163.88 F/g) at 1 mV scan rate, greater electrical conductivity and lower charge transfer resistance compared to other mesoporous carbons conveyed. The desalination performance including recyclability of electrodes was evaluated and our material showed higher salt adsorption capacity (9.29 mg/g) that VI is higher than other reported ordered mesoporous and hollow carbon spheres which makes mesoporous carbon spheres (MCS) in this work stand out as an excellent candidate for CDI based water desalination. Additional vital aspect in our work is water treatment and removal of toxic metals from water using state of the art of nanostructured materials. In the last part of our study We established an effortless self-chemical optical sensor for the checking and elimination of ultra-trace quantities of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. The advancement of this sensor was centered on the covalent linking of aminofunctionalized aluminum-based MOF molecules with ninhydrin. The innovative sensor is heavily covered by a chelating ligand to facilitate an ultra-speedy, selective, pH- reliant conception for subtraction of Hg(II) with detection limit down to ∼0.494 g L−1 . Investigation was achieved through mutually a colorimetrical signal evident to the naked eye in addition to UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. Digital image-based colorimetric investigation has also employed as a semi-quantitative testing for detection of the concentration of Hg(II) ions being as a quick, sensitive and economical colorimetric detection procedure. Additionally, the novel robust sensor displayed long-standing constancy and prominent reusability. The improved sensor was likewise efficaciously employed in the detection and exclusion of Hg(II) from silver oxide button cells.