الفهرس 
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Abstract
In this world, everyone needs energy for day to day living cycle. Sources of energy
are depleting at a very fast rate. There is a need to explore renewable energy sources
which are more efficient and with a low operating cost. Solar energy is a basic need
of living plants and human beings on Earth and it is a source for renewable energy.
It is, however, intermittent in ’ffature, eco-friendly and non-polluting form of energy.
It is freely available throughout the world. It can be used for hot water generation,
direct conversion into electricity and into thermal energy.
A parabolic trough solar collector uses the glass mirror as a reflecting material in the
shape of a parabola in order to reflect and concentrate the sun radiation towards a
receiver tube located at the focus of the parabola. Various solar tracking systems
have been developed by various researches in the past decades. A tracking system is
still required which can track the sun on real time basis without any geographical
data. In the present work, an automatic sun tracking system for parabolic trough
collectors is designed for its feasibility. It is found that the automatic sun tracking
system provides higher efficiency when compared to manually operated and fixed
collectors.
In this work, a direct formula is proposed for design of robust PID controller for sun
tracking system using quadratic regular approach with compensating pole
(QRA WCP). The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it eliminates the
need to use recently developed iterative software computer techniques which are
time consuming, computationally inefficient and also with this new approach there
is no need to obtain boundaries of search space. In order to illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed approach, performance of the sun tracking system is
compared with the recently applied tuning techniques for sun tracking systems such
as ”Particle Swarm optimization” (PSO), ”Firefly Algorithm” (FFA) and ”Cuckoo
Search Algorithm” (CSA).