الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out at the Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of tin dioxide nanoparticles on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense system, biochemical parameters, in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry in brain of male rats. Thirty five male rats (150-180g) were used. Animals were divided into four groups of 7 rats each. The first group was used as control, while group II, group III, group IV and group V were treated orally with Tin dioxide NPs at a dose of 1/150 LD50, 1/100 LD50, 1/50 LD50, and 1/25 LD50 mg/kg BW/day for a period of three weeks. At the end of the experimental period, brain of different groups were collected for the investigation of different parameters.
The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. Treatment with tin dioxide (Sn02) nanoparticles different concentrations increased brain thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and decreased the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content as compared to control.
2. Protein contents were significantly decreased when rats treated with tin dioxide (Sn02) nanoparticles different concentrations in comparison to control group.
3. Treatment with tin oxide (Sn02) nanoparticles different concentrations caused significant decrease in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinesterase and significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rat brain homogenates.
4. Histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were observed and this confirmed the biochemical perturbations occurred due to tin dioxide (SnC^) nanoparticles different concentrations in rat brain.
Conclusively, it is clear that tin oxide (Sn02) nanoparticles induced pronounced hazardous effects in rat brain in a dose dependent manner. Estimation of lipid peroxidation, enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidants in addition to biochemical parameters could be used as biomarkers for the harmful effect of tin dioxide (Sn02) nanoparticles.