الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cancer remains a major problem around the world. Despite the many types of treatments, conventional chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for many types of cancer. However, it does have harmful side effects. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is the drug of choice for the treatment of many tumors, but it has a severe side effect on healthy tissues. Therefore, there is a great challenge to find a treatment for tumors with little toxicity as chemotherapy. CTX leads to a decrease in white blood cells (WBCs), which in turn leads to decreased immunity. CTX has been used for years on its own or in combination with other chemotherapy treatments to treat many types of cancer. CTX has been used for years on its own or in combination with other chemotherapy treatments to treat many malignancies including lymphomas, leukemia, myeloma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and non-neoplastic diseases. The present study aims to know the preventive and therapeutic role of some natural products of Apricot (Persea americana), Avocado (Prunus armeniaca) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) seed extracts on some hematological and biochemical changes associated with hepatotoxicity caused by CTX in albino mice. In first experiment the results showed that the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit percentage did not show any clear changes between the other different groups when compared to the control group and when injecting mice with CTX drug, The results showed a significant decrease in the total number of white blood cells in CTX treated mice when compared to the control group. Treatment of mice with date and apricot seeds extract prior to injection with CTX increased the white blood cell count, while treatment with avocado seed extract showed no clear change in the total white blood cell count when compared to the group injected with CTX alone. CTX injection caused a significant decrease in the ratios of both neutrophil cells and lymphocytes when compared to the control group, and treatment with seed extracts before injection with CTX increased their ratios. The results showed that injection of CTX to a group of mice for 3 days increased the level of ALT and AST enzymes when compared to the control group. However, treatment with date, apricot, and avocado seed extracts prior to injection with CTX reduced the level of ALT and AST enzymes when compared to the unit injected group with CTX, while the treatment with the three seed extracts did not give significant results in the level of ALT and AST enzymes when compared to control. Mice were injected with date, apricot and avocado seed extracts, the level of creatinine and urea did not change when compared to the control group, but after the injection of CTX, it was found that the level of urea and creatinine increased when compared to the control group. When mice were injected with seed extracts before injection with CTX, it was found that the level of creatinine and urea decreased with both the apricot and avocado seeds extract, but did not show a significant improvement as is the case with the date seed extract. The results showed that treatment with date, apricot and avocado seed extracts did not show significant changes in the level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, MDA) when compared to the control group. But it showed a noticeable increase in the level of glutathione (GSH), which is considered a non-enzymatic antioxidant. When a group of mice was injected with CTX for 3 days, the levels of (SOD, CAT, GSH) decreased and the level of MDA increased when compared to the control group. Whereas, treatment with seed extracts prior to injection with CTX reduced its effect on antioxidant markers by increasing the levels of (SOD, CAT, GSH) and decreasing the level of MDA. The histological examination of the liver of animals treated with date extract and injected with CTX showed a significant improvement in liver tissue compared to the livers of animals injected with the drug only. The blood sinuses and macrophages appeared in their almost normal form, with slight changes in the nuclei of some hepatocytes, as well as the presence some inflammatory cells. While the liver tissue of the group treated with apricot extract and injected with the drug showed a slight improvement in the shape and organization of the liver tissue compared to the group injected with the drug only with disintegration and change in the shape of the nuclei of most of its cells (Pyknotic, megakaryolitic) with an expansion in the blood sinuses and an increase in the activity of some macrophage cells. While the group treated with avocado extract and injected with CTX, there was no clear improvement in liver tissue compared to the group injected with the drug only. This is evidenced by the presence of irregularity in the general structure of the liver tissue with increased widening and congestion of blood vessels in addition to the presence of infiltration and fatty deposits within it, fatty exudate, the emergence of large changes in the nuclei, such as large nuclei. Kidney tissue in the cortical and marrow regions of the group of mice injected with CTX showed several pathological changes and dysfunction of the renal corpuscles, where the depression appeared congested and shrunken and blood cells increased in it. Degeneration of the urinary tubules, especially in the epithelial lining cells. The interstitial spaces between these tubules. While the groups treated with date and apricot extracts, the results of the histological examination of the kidney tissue showed slight changes, as the renal depression appeared in its normal form with slight changes in the widening of the urinary arenas with the occurrence of uneven decomposition of the nuclei of the urinary tubule cells. For the kidney tissue treated with avocado extract, irregularities and renal glomerular dysfunction were observed, some tubules appeared normal, while other tubules showed their epithelial cells less dense and had signs of degradation due to the appearance of different vacuoles and an expansion in the lumen of the tubules. Mice treated with extracts of both apricot and avocado seeds and injected with CTX, showed no significant improvement in kidney tissue. As for the histological examination of the kidney tissue of a group of mice treated with date extract and injected with CTX, it showed improvement in the kidney tissue. Treatment with date, apricot, and avocado seed extracts improved the blood changes caused by CTX. In second experiment CTX was injected as a single dose (200 mg / kg) on the first day of the experiment, then different groups of mice were treated with different extracts for 30 consecutive days. The results showed that erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin levels and hematocrit percentages in all groups did not show any significant changes after one month of injection with a single dose of CTX or with selected seed extracts after injection of CTX when compared to the control group. The results showed that groups of mice that were injected with CTX had an increase in the total number of white blood cells (WBCs), while groups of mice that were treated with date and apricot seeds extract showed a decrease in the number of white blood cells when compared to the group of mice that were injected with CTX alone. The injection of CTX led to a significant increase in the number of platelets compared to the control group, while treatment with extracts of dates and apricot seeds after the injection of CTX returned the number of platelets to the values of the control group. The injection of CTX caused a significant decrease in the ratios of both (lymphocytes) and (neutrophils) when compared to the control group, and treatment with date and apricot seeds extract post-injection with CTX increased their rates when compared to the group injected with the CTX drug alone. The percentage of monocytes was significantly increased in the CTX-injected group compared to the control group. Treatment with date and apricot seed extract resulted in a non-significant increase in monocytes, while avocado seed extract treatment showed a significant increase in monocytes compared to the control group. Compared with the control group, mice injected with CTX showed a significant increase in the activity of AST and ALT in the sera. Treatment with date and apricot seed extracts after injection of CTX for 30 consecutive days significantly reduced AST and ALT enzyme activities and showed improvement in liver function when compared to the group of mice injected with CTX only. Whereas, treatment with avocado seed extract after injection with CTX did not show significant changes in the levels of AST and ALT enzymes compared to the injected group with CTX. Compared with the control group, mice injected with CTX showed a significant increase in the activities of kidney function enzymes (urea and creatinine) in the sera. Treatment with date and apricot seed extracts after CTX injection for 30 consecutive days resulted in a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels and showed improvement in kidney function when compared to the group of mice that were injected with CTX only. Whereas treatment with avocado seed extracts after CTX injection did not show significant changes in urea and creatinine levels compared to the CTX-injected group. A single dose of CTX decreased the level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) when compared to the control group. Whereas, treatment with date and apricot extracts increased the level of (SOD, CAT) enzymes when compared to a group of mice injected with CTX only. However, the group of mice treated with avocado seed extract did not show significant changes in the activities of the enzymes (SOD, CAT) when compared to the group of mice that were injected with CTX only. Mice that were injected with a single dose of CTX showed a decrease in the level of GSH compared to the control group. While treatment with date and apricot extracts after injection with CTX increased the level of GSH, and treatment with avocado seed extract did not show significant changes in the level of GSH. A single injection of CTX increased the level of MDA when compared to the control group. The treatment with date and apricot seed extracts reduced the level of MDA when compared to the group of mice injected with CTX only. While the group of mice treated with avocado seed extract did not show significant changes in MDA level when compared to the group of mice that were injected with CTX only. Histological results of the livers of animals injected with CTX showed severe pathological changes, including dysfunction and irregularity of the hepatic tapes, congestion in blood vessels, large accumulations of inflammatory cells with enlargement of blood sinuses. While the liver tissue of a group of mice injected with the drug CTX and treated with the date seed extract showed a moderate improvement in the liver tissue while observing some slight histopathological changes such as widening of the blood vessels, most of the hepatocytes appeared in their semi-normal shape with an increase in the cytoplasm of some other hepatocytes. The histological examination of the liver of groups injected with CTX and treated with apricot extract showed a slight improvement in the general organization of hepatic tissue, congestion in blood vessels, small groups of inflammatory cells with an increase in the activity and number of macrophages lining the irregular blood sinuses. While the histological examination of the liver of mice injected with CTX and treated with avocado nucleus extract did not show any significant improvement in liver tissue, as it included a defect in the general organization of the liver tissue with the appearance of vacuoles in the cytoplasm, widening and congestion in the blood vessels with an increase in the density of some nuclei of hepatocytes (pyknotic) and the decomposition of the nuclei of some other cells (Karyolitic). Histopathological examination of the kidneys of a group of mice injected with CTX showed a group of severe changes, which are represented by dysfunction and atrophy of the renal corpuscles with irregularity of the urinary arenas, decomposition and catabolism of most of the urinary tubes, where the degeneration of most of the nuclei of the epithelial cells lining these tubes with the emergence of few infiltrative cells, while the histological examination of the kidneys of the group injected with CTX and treated with date extract showed a remarkable improvement compared to the kidneys of animals injected with the drug only. For some tubules, the histological examination of the kidneys of animals injected with CTX and treated with apricot extract showed a mild improvement, as renal depression appeared normal with slight widening of the urinary arenas, catabolism and irregularity of some urinary tubules. Avocados have shown slight improvement, which includes irregularity of renal depression, and degradation.