الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the wide term for congenital malformations affecting the heart (cardiac abnormality), pulmonary arteries and aorta (extra cardiac abnormality). Most cases of CHD are thought to be multi-factorial and the result of a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental Factors. Extra cardiac structures include pulmonary arteries with their peripheral branches, thoracic aorta throughout its length, superior and inferior vena cava, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary veins, airways and collateral circulation. |