الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the effect of amoxicillin, Augmentin and Zithromax on the secretory and maturation stages of amelogenesis.
This study was conducted into 28 female pregnant rats were used. They were divided equally into 4 groups (7 animals in each). group I received saline to act as a control group, group II received 250 mg/kg Amoxicillin ,group III received 250 mg/kg Augmentin and group IV received 250 mg/kg Zithromax. Antibiotics were given to the pregnant rats orally starting from day 13 of pregnancy till its end. After birth, two pups were taken from each mother to make 4 groups, fourteen pups in each. Each pup received the same type of antibiotic of its original mother group.
On day 7 after birth, 7 pups were euthanized in each group, while the rest of pups were euthanized on day 12. In each observation period, 4 of the euthanized pups were used for histological examination and histomophometric analysis while the other 3 pups were used for ultrastructural evaluation.
Histological results
Results of the first observation period (7 days after birth)
The examination of the mandibular first molar in the control group showed a continuous layer of tall columnar polarized ameloblasts with distal Tomes’ processes. Ameloblasts displayed tight contact with each other and with stratum intermedium cells. The examined enamel matrix showed homogenous dark violet staining.
Regarding amoxicillin group, the examined ameloblasts revealed disorganization, loss of polarization and vacuolization. Wide spaces were
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seen between ameloblasts and between them and stratum intermedium cells. The enamel matrix was disturbed with non-homogenous staining.
Concerning Augmentin group, ameloblasts exhibited disorganization, vacuolization and areas of detachment from enamel matrix which displayed cystic like defects and variation in the intensity of its staining.
In Zithromax group, there was a delay in the secretory process as the secreted enamel matrix was reduced in thickness in comparison to control group. Ameloblasts exhibited loss of polarization and areas of detachment from enamel matrix.
Results of second observation period (12 days after birth)
In control group, the ameloblasts appeared low columnar, well organized cells with oval dark staining nuclei that were positioned in the proximal parts of the cells. Ameloblasts exhibited tight contact to each other and sometimes they were slightly spaced. The inner part of the formed enamel that positioned near the dentin appeared as white space while the outer part displayed homogenous well organized dark stained bands of enamel matrix.
In amoxicillin and Augmentin groups, the ameloblasts displayed numerous alterations as they were disorganized, cuboidal in shape with narrow elongated nuclei. The inner parts of the formed enamel exhibited white spaces of fully mineralized enamel with remnants of streaks of enamel matrix while the outer parts showed highly disorganized enamel matrix that contained numerous vacuoles.
In Zithromax group, there was a marked retardation in the maturation process as most of the formed enamel appeared as matrix that escaped maturation. Thin ribbons of enamel spaces were seen near the dentin.