الفهرس 
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Abstract
Dissertation Abstract : The present study was conducted to throw the light on the effects of clarithromycin and fluconazole on foetal development through morphological, visceral and skeletal examinations. In addition of study the effect of tested drugs on liver, kidney, oxidant and antioxidant activities in serum of mothers. We used thirty six mature female New Zealand white rabbits were divided into twelve equal groups each of three. The tested drugs were clarithromycin which dose was 30mg/kg b.wt orally and fluconazole which dose was 80mg/kg b.wt orally, and on 1st, 2nd and 3rd stage of pregnancy even slaughtered on 20th or 30th day of gestation to determine the effects of the tested drug on foetal development by morphological, visceral, skeletal and histopathological examination. The observed morphological deformities in response to received clarithromycin or fluconazole evoked significant increase in the mean values of the foetal resorption rate, pre and post-implantation death, feotal body weight and crown rump length.. Liver sections of pregnant rabbits given clarithromycin showed diffuse swelling of hepatocytes due to hydropic degeneration with occluded sinusoids and congested portal vein and very few leukocytic cells infiltration in portal areas, meanwhile liver sections from dam rabbits received fluconazole displayed diffuse swelling of hepatocytes due to hydropic degeneration with occluded sinusoids and congested portal vein and very few leukocytic cells infiltration in portal areas. Kidney sections of pregnant rabbits given clarithromycin showing diffuse tubular dilation, markedly congested blood vessels, perivascular and interstitial fibrosis, while kidney examination of dam rabbits received fluconazole diffuse tubular dilation, markedly congested blood vessels, perivascular and interstitial fibrosis. Placental sections of pregnant rabbits given clarithromycin showed showing congested blood vessels, vacuolar degeneration in trophoblasts (T) with dilated blood capillaries in labyrinth zone (L), much more increase in thickness of basal zone due to enlarged glycogen cell (GC) and degeneration in spongiotrophoblasts. Placental examination of dam rabbits received fluconazole congested blood vessels, vacuolar degeneration in trophoblasts (T) with dilated blood capillaries in labyrinth zone (L), much more increase in thickness of basal zone due to enlarged glycogen cell (GC) and degeneration in spongiotrophoblasts. Liver sections of a foetus obtained from dams given clarithromycin showing markedly dilated blood vessels with many megakaryocytes and perivascular fibrosis and prominent hematopietic centers, meanwhile liver sections of a foetus obtained from dams received fluconazole displayed showing markedly dilated blood vessels with many megakaryocytes and perivascular fibrosis and prominent hematopietic centers and hemorrhage prominent extramedullary hematopoiesis. kidney sections of a foetus obtained from dams given clarithromycin showing congestion and perivascular edema meanwhile kidney examination of a foetus obtained from dams received fluconazole showing congestion and perivascular edema. Dams received clarithromycin or fluconazole evoked significant increase in GPT, GOT, ALP, Urea, creatinin, L- malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase levels in serum comparing with dams of control group.