الفهرس 
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Abstract
Application of different methods of diagnosis is a fundamental fragment of the
therapeutic methodology for patients with bacterial infection. However, the mounting
resistance of pathogenic bacteria progressively restrict antibiotic effectiveness, thus
potentially growing the likelihood of failure of antibiotic treatment plan and as a very
critical consequence the high rates of mortality.
Since bacterial resistance is a multifactorial problem so infection requires a fast and
accurate diagnosis the development of a novel diagnostic methods aids in decreasing in
bacterial infections and consequently bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.
The aim of the present work was to shed lights on an odour sensing device using an
array of sensors that is used in identification and differentiation of bacteria directly from blood
samples as a novel complementary method as a first line in bacterial infection screening.
The current study included a total of 100 blood culture samples from patients at the
Microbiology department of the Medical Research Institute (MRI). The Samples were
collected randomly and were divided into two group’s blood negative culture samples 40
isolates (control) and blood positive culture 60 isolate samples.
In the current study, we used microbiologically conventional and automated methods
for diagnosing of bacterial infection.
Bacteria was identified in the blood samples by using conventional biochemical
reaction as 30 samples were found to be infected with E.coli and the other 30 were infected
by klebsiella.
Further identification was carried out by the automated vitek 2 MS device which
confirmed the pervious result.
In order to achieve the goal of this work, we used the electronic nose technology
(PEN3) which is a sensors based device used to detect odors and analyze them and give a
fingerprint for each one. In this study we applied this technology directly to blood samples
infected with bacteria.
In the current study the result showed detection and identification of each bacteria
found in blood samples whether E.coli or klebsiella with a fingerprint for each bacteria and
were further analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) which gave accurate
differentiation between both types of bacteria within the samples.
After all the existent study declaired that an improved form of the PEN3, utilizing
only 10 sensing sensors, can be used as the preliminary point of identifications test of
blood stream infection.
The Electronic Nose PEN3 is a pioneering and innovatory process for diagnosing
and differentiation of bacteria directly from samples and it is rapid and does not need the
expert workers as needed in other devices thus the PEN3 has the prospective as a suitable
screening device.
Also the PCA type of analyzing algorithms accounts for the maximum separation
among samples depending on the outcomes given
We recommended using electronic nose for:
Verifying the current results with bigger sample size.
Using the electronic nose for the diagnosis on a broad spectrum of bacterial
infections.
Using the electronic nose for the diagnosis of the active bacterial infections.
Using different types of samples from different parts of body as urine, sputum and
breath samples.