الفهرس 
Anatomy of the ankle joint
Causes of ankle painOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The ankle is a “hinged” joint capable of moving the foot in two primary directions: away from the body (plantar flexion) and toward the body (dorsiflexion). It is formed by the meeting of three bones. The end of
both the tibia and the fibula meet the talus, to form the ankle. Ankle pain is usually due to an ankle sprain but can also be caused by ankle instability, arthritis, gout, tendonitis, fracture, nerve compression
(tarsal tunnel syndrome), infection and poor structural alignment of the leg. Ankle pain can be associated with swelling, stiffness, redness, and warmth in the involved area. US performed with high-resolution linear-array probes has become
increasingly important in the assessment of ligaments, tendons and bursae around the ankle and detection of arthritis because it is low cost, fast, readily available, and free of ionizing radiation. US can provide a detailed depiction
of normal anatomic structures and is effective for evaluating ligament integrity. In addition, US allows the performance of dynamic maneuvers, which may contribute to increased visibility of normal ligaments and
improved detection of tears. It can facilitate accurate identification, localization and differentiation between synovial, tendinous and entheseal inflammation as well as joint, bursal and soft tissue fluid collection.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role and the accuracy of
ultrasonography in assessment of different causes of ankle pain.
This study included 43 ankles in patients presented with ankle pain. They included 23 ankles with mechanical causes of ankle pain ( 15 with lateral ankle sprain and 7 with medial ankle sprain diagnosed clinically and by ultrasonography and 3 ankles with traumatic Achilles tendinopathy
diagnosed by clinical assessment , plain x ray and ultrasonography ) , 18 ankles with inflammatory causes of ankle pain (7 gouty ankle arthritis diagnosed according to 2015 classification criteria for gout diagnosis (75) , 6
ankles in RA patients diagnosed according to 2010 ACR /EULAR
classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (73) and 5 Psoraitic ankle
arthirits in patients diagnosed according to CASPAR classification criteria
for psoriatic arthritis (62) ) and 4 patients with ankle OA diagnosed clinically
and by plain X ray. There was overlap in 4 cases in our study ( 2 cases with
medial and lateral ankle sprain , 1 case with gouty arthritis and medial ankle
sprain and 1 case with gouty arthritis and lateral ankle sprain).