الفهرس 
Introduction 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
English summary
The phytochemical analysis was conducted on six selected seaweeds extracts belonging to different taxonomic groups Chlorophyceae (Enteromorpha intenstinalis, Ulva fasciata and Ulva lactuca), Phaeophyta (Padina pavonica) and Rhodophyta (Jania rubens,Corallina officinalis) revealed the presence of secondary metabolites which significantly contribute towards the biological activity of seaweeds exhibit medicinal (curative properties) such as hypoglycemic, anti-diabetic, antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antimalarial, anticholinergic and anti-leprosy activates as well as physiological activities. These algae were subjected to phytochemical analysis after preparation of different algal extracts in both aqueous and organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol). The obtained results clarified that:-
1- All six selected seaweeds for screening were found to possess tannins.
2- All six selected seaweeds are also containing flavonoids.
3- Another bioactive compound terpenoids were observed in all screened selected seaweeds but absent in ethanolic, methanolic extracts of Corallina, Jania and ethyl acetate of Jania.
4- Another secondary metabolite compound observed in the selected algal species is alkaloids.
5- Another secondary metabolite compound observed in all algal extracts is phenols except ethyl acetate extract of Jania, Corallina.
6- When conducting the initial examination of the selected seaweed, all extracts contain steroids except aqueous extract of Jania, Enteromorpha, chloroform extract of Enteromorpha, methanolic and ethanolic extract of Corallina,Jania.
7- With respect to saponins such bioactive materials were absent in all screened seaweeds except Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca of acetone extract, Padina , Ulva fasciata in ethyl acetate extract, Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha in ethanolic extract, Corallina in methanolic extract.
8- With respect to carbohydrates fraction, it present in all seaweeds except methyl, ethanol and ethyl acetate of Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca. Whereas glycosides are absent only in both ethanol, methanol as well as ethyl acetate extract of (Jania, Entermorpha, Ulva lactuca, Ulva fasciata). Moreover, protein was found in all screened seaweeds.
9- Coumarins absent in acetone and chloroform extract of Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca and ethyl acetate extract of Ulva lactuca.
10- Antimicrobial activities of the six algal extracts were determined against 6 microbial strains, two Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Listeria monocytogens FLB 6.and two Gram negative Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883 and two fungal strains Asperglius niger I 55 and Fusarium oxysporium CZ1.These study showed that :
a-The activity of four tested solvents are arranged in the following order ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform, methanol.
b-The best solvent for extracting the bioactive compounds was ethyl acetate, since it gave the highest antimicrobial activity against the selected pathogens than that recorded by standard antibiotics.
c-The ethyl acetate of Ulva fasciata (green algae) followed by padina (brown algae) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial and fungal strains. The mean inhibition zones produced by Ulva fasciata by using disc diffusion assay were ranged from (11 to 16 mm) in Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus.aureus and from (7 to 22 mm) in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and from (2 to 7 mm) in Fusarium oxysporium, A.niger at 100µl/ml. Moreover, at 300µl/ml the inhibition zones ranged from (12 to 19 mm) in Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus. aureus and from (9 to 24) mm in E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and (3.5 to 7.5 mm) in Fusarium oxysporium , A.niger.
11 -The structure elucidation of the crude extract of Ulva fasciata. Which has a strongest antimicrobial activity, showed that the biological activity of tested alga was due to the presence of various chemical constituents, Dimethylsulfoxide (RT=5.203, 5.825%), Trichloromethyloxirane (RT=5.519, 20.097%), Palmitic acid (RT=7.457,12.832%), Palmitic acid ethylester(RT=7.539,41.741%), Phytol (RT=7.801,4.877%),Linolenicacidethyleste (RT=10.01,5.801%) and Dicyclohexyl phthalate(RT=10.53, 8.827).The major compounds present in the crude extract where palmitic acid ethyl ester since the percentage of area under the peak was (41.741), while the minor compound present in the crude extract was phytol since there percentage area under the peak was (4.877) and finally Linolenic acid ethyl ester were percentage of area was (5.801).These compounds may be involved in antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria either Gram positive or negative and tested fungal strains.
II- Physiological response of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant treated by farmyard manure and two selected seaweeds as biofertilizers.
Red alga (Jania rubens) and green alga (Ulva lactuca) used in the present investigation were collected from Alexandria beaches. Collected seaweeds were washed with sea water to remove unwanted impurities and other debris. Then thoroughly washed with tap water for 3 times to remove all the epiphytes, sand particles and other fauna. After shade drying, it was cut into small pieces and kept in hot air oven for one day at 40 ˚C. Grind dried seaweeds by using ceramic mortar.
Mix well the dried powder with pre-prepared sterilized soil in a pot containing 3, 6 and12 g /250 g clay soil per pot. Three replicates for each treatment, in addition to FYM (12 g /250 g clay soil). Twenty seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum in a pot were sowed in soils, the experiment was lasted for one month and irrigated as needed.
The seeds of the used plant, in present study were procured from seed storage bank of Agriculture. Viable and healthy seeds free from visible infection, with uniform size were segregated. They were with 5% sodium hypochlorite for 8 minutes, and then rinsed with distilled water several times before sowed in soil.
1- Chemical characters of soil extract and FYM. FYM is rich in its mineral contents especially sodium 205.3ppm, potassium 229.3 ppm, magnesium 16.82 ppm, iron 3.1 ppm, total phosphorus 38.5ppm and% total nitrogen 0.15. Also, it was rich in percentage of total organic carbon 44 % and percentage of oxidizable carbon 33% when compared with their corresponding values of soil extract.
2-The pigment contents in the two tested algal species were comparable. Ulva lactuca has a high amounts of chlorophyll (a) and (b) if compared with Jania rubens, since it was (0.183 and 0.485 mg/g) and (0.149 and 0.31 mg/g) respectively, The same observation was also recorded in carotenoids, since it was 1.393 and 0.93 mg/g. The decrease in chlorophyll (a) was compensated by the increase in chlorophyll (b).
3-Mineral composition in the two selected algal species (Ulva lactuca) and (Jania rubens). Revealed the presence of diverse minerals either macro elements (Na, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, and P) or micro elements (Zn, Mn, Co, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Se, Ag, and Cr). It was found that Jania rubens exhibiting the higher amount of both macro and micro elements than Ulva lactuca.
4- Analysis of phytohormones by using HPLC in the two selected seaweeds revealed that indole acetic acid (IAA), Kinetin (Kin), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Gibberellins (GA3) were higher in Jania rubens if compared with Ulva lactuca, since IAA was (110, 64.6 µg/g), GA3 (11, 3.7 µg/g), Kin (68,37 µg/g) and NAA (50, 19 µg/g) for Jania and Ulva, respectively.
5- Regarding growth parameters as root length, shoot length, leaf area and fresh weight, the seeds treated with either FYM or Ulva lactuca or Jania rubens showed better results in all tested growth parameters if compared to control. The most stimulatory effect was recorded in Jania rubens, followed by Ulva lactuca and FYM since it was (8.80,7.3 and 6.5 cm in root length ,9.00 ,9.3 and 8.7 cm shoot length , 1.6 ,and 1.56 ,0.99 cm2 in leaf area , fresh weight was 0.22,0.25 and0.12g in Jania ,Ulva and FYM respectively. Moreover dose 12 g in Jania was the most stimµlatory followed by the rest of doses, also short period (15days) give better results than (30days).
6- Pigment content of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds treated with different treatments (FYM and biofertilizers Ulva or Jania) showed better response in pigment fraction, with special reference chlorophyll (b). The previous results showed that chlorophyll (b) was increased since, it was (1.15, 0.875, and 0.84 mg/g in Jania, Ulva and FYM respectively, if compared with control (0.36 mg/g). The increase in chlorophyll (b) was associated by the decrease in chlorophyll (a), either for short or long periods.
7- Treatment of Trigonella foenum-graecum plant treated with FYM and Ulva lactuca and Jania rubens. Generally showed an enhancement effect on total carbohydrates in all treatments if compared with their irrespective control. The increase in total carbohydrates was accompanied with a reduction in polysaccharides (24.65, 24.42, 24.03mg/g) and a marked increase in total reducing sugar (58.19, 58.35 .54.88mg/g), especially sucrose accumulation (35.19, 33.38 .31.10 mg/g). In Jania, FYM and Ulva respectively.
8- The different treatments with different applicable doses & different incubation times have been led to increase total nitrogen if compared with their control. The highest inductive effect in total nitrogen was at application dose of 3 g since it was 253% in Jania, while total soluble nitrogen was 75.07, protein was 19.2.
9- The fatty acid profiles of Trigonella foenum-graecum seedling pretreated with different doses of organic fertilizer (FYM) and the two selected bio fertilizers Ulva lactuca and Jania rubens either for short or long incubation under suitable conditions showed that the different treatment led to a reduction in (SFA) and increase in unsaturated fatty acids. The profile was due to the reduction of C18:0, C20:0 and increase in C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3.