الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus that results in severe visual impairment in the late stages of the disease. Hyperglycemia leads to defects in insulin signaling pathways that result in many pathological processes including microvascular weaknesses, neuroretinal cells dysfunction, and degeneration of the retina.
For many years, stem cells therapies have been tested as a therapeutic alternative for regeneration and repair of damaged organs in various eye diseases including diabetic retinopathies.
Mesenchymal stem cells are the most common cell type used as cell therapy. MSCs have been used as therapeutic agent due to their probability to differentiate into many cell types, direct role in tissue regeneration and their anti-inflammatory properties.
This work was performed to investigate the therapeutic effect of intravitreally injected bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (2 x 105 cells) on experimentally induced diabetic retinopathy in adult female albino rats after 30 days, using histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques.
The present study was carried out on 34 animals. 10 male albino rats were used to get BM-MSCs, in addition, 24 female albino rats of body weight ranging between 200 and 250 g. Female albino rats were randomized into four groups each of six rats:
- group I: Control group: Each animal in this group received a single intraperitoneal injection of PBS (35 mg/kg) at day one of the experiment and then received a single intravitreal injection of 5 µL PBS in each eye at day 11 of the experiment.
- group II: Diabetic retinopathy group: Each animal in this group received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg), to induce diabetic retinopathy, at day one of the experiment.
- group III: Mesenchymal stem cells group: Each animal in this group received a single intraperitoneal injection of PBS (35 mg/kg) at day one of the experiment and then received a single intravitreal injection of 2 x 105 BM-MSCs suspended in 5 µL PBS, in each eye at day 11 of the experiment.
- group IV: Diabetic retinopathy and mesenchymal stem cells group: Each animal in this group received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg), at day one, followed by intravitreal injection of 2 x 105 BM-MSCs suspended in 5 µL PBS in each eye at day 11 of the experiment.
Diabetes was induced by single dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally at day one of the experiment. After 72 hrs, animals received STZ were declared diabetic when their blood glucose exceeded 220 mg/dl for three consecutive days.