الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Several fumigants have been withdrawn or discontinued on grounds of environmental safety, cost, and carcinogenicity. Many commonly used pesticides, such as carbamizadine, found to be carcinogenic and/or teratogenic, Dichlorvos known for many years for its broad spectrum activity and high efficacy, but is classed as class C human carcinogen, effects on the ozone layer, phytotoxicity to the grain and the development of resistant strains of insect pests (Shaaya and Kostyukovsky, 2006; Zia et al., 2013).The restriction on the use of fumigants have posed new global challenges to food and chemical industry and have resulted in efforts to develop and register new fumigants as alternative, primarily to methyl bromide (Tayoub et al., 2012), such as sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2), carbon dioxide, mixtures of contact insecticides, insect growth regulators, reduction of the oxygen content by using nitrogen and other gases, carbonyl sulfide, ethanedinitrile, and the old fumigant (ethyl formate).