الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Algae are a diverse group of organisms that can carry out photosynthesis efficiently. They are classified according to morphology and size into main groups: macroalgae and microalgae. Macroalgae consist of multiple cells that organize into structures look like the roots, stems, and leaves of higher plants (e.g., kelp). Microalgae are an extremely diverse group of primary producers (photosynthetic) present in almost all ecosystems on earth, ranging from marine, fresh-water, desert sands, and hot springs, to snow and ice (Becker, 1994 and Guschina & Harwood, 2006). Although their photosynthetic process is similar to that of terrestrial plants, they are more efficient in the utilization of the solar energy to produce biomass (being responsible for a significant fraction of the world oxygen production), due to the following characteristics: (1) simple cellular structure and (2) growing in aqueous environment, which enables the efficient access to water and nutrients (Oswald & Golueke, 1960; Benemann, 1997 and Demirbas & Demirbas, 2010).