الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Discovery of superconductivity by Onnes in 1911 [1], has been considered as one of the greatest scientific goals of the twentieth century. Superconductivity phenomenon can be defined as the ability of certain materials to allow current to flow with no resistance and extremely low losses. There are two main remarkable characteristic properties of superconducting material, zero electrical resistivity and the perfect diamagnetism when it is cooled below a characteristic temperature called the superconducting transition temperature Tc. The second characteristic property is Meissner effect, discovered by Meissner and Ochsenfeld in 1933 [2].where the superconducting material does not permit an externally applied magnetic field to penetrate into its interior. These two Superconductor properties of superconducting materials are showed in figure 1.1(a) and 1.1(b), respectively [3].