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الفصل الأول مدخل إلى الدراسةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
It can be said that the twenty-first century is the era of positive psychology where topics (positive thinking, orientation towards life, hope and happiness) and other important concepts in positive psychology, which has grown interest in it since the direction of Martin Seligman (1999), president of the association American psychologists, psychologists, to pay attention to all that is positive in personality and what the personality should be in terms of competencies and positives and what it should bear in terms of qualities, traits and skills instead of researching negative forces such as depression, frustration and other diseases.
Robert Anthony (2005, 1-2) believes that the starting point for making permanent and lasting changes in an individual’s life begins with understanding the difference between positive thinking and negative thinking. Every individual has the ability to participate in the game of life with balance, harmony and fun, but he needs to know the rules and cosmic foundations. These rules and foundations are reliable and stable, and a person can rely on them and guide them through his way of thinking, and the most important of these laws is the law of cause and effect. Ibrahim Al-Feki (2009, 85) believes that thinking positively is a source of strength because it enables the individual to think about the solution until he finds it instead of escaping from the problem and focusing on aspects of failure, thus increasing skill, confidence and strength.
This is confirmed by what was reported by a study as in the study (Peterson et al, (2007), and the study of Sana Faraj Othman (2014), and the study of Ahmed Fawzi Junaidi and Muhammad al-Saeed Abu Halawa (2014), Muhammad Abd al-Raaf Abd Rabbo (2016), Iman Mahmoud Lotfi. 2017),), Asma Taha Muhammad (2017), Nahla Magdy Farouk (2017), Walid Muhammad Hussain (2018) Abdullah Abdul Hadi Salim and Ahmed Fathi Ali (2018), Qandoura Nehme (2018), the existence of a correlation between positive thinking and the ability to Facing stress, managing anger, making decisions, self-esteem, ambition, quality of life, and life satisfaction. The results of studies also showed that training in positive thinking skills contributed to reducing many problems, improving decision-making skills, and raising the level of self-esteem.
As a study, Iman Saeed Abdul Hamid (2012), Iman Hassanein Muhammad (2013), Jaber Abdul Hamid Jaber and others (2014), Manal Ali Muhammad (2014), Iman Farouk Abdul Sattar (2017), Ronak Hamid Amman (2017), Randa Reda Iraqi (2017), Nevin Sabah Bayoumi (2018).
The concept of orientation towards life refers to a positive feeling of well-being, as well as behavioral indicators that indicate the high levels of a person’s satisfaction with himself and his life in general and his pursuit of his goals and independence in determining his life and its path and establishing positive relationships with others, and the orientation towards life is associated with happiness and optimism (Ryff) et at, 2006-95-85).
This is confirmed by the results of some studies and research results, as the study of Iman Abdul Karim and Rawiya al-Douri (2011) showed a significant correlation between optimism and an orientation towards life, and the study of Ayed Shaaban Saleh (2013) showed the existence of a correlation between orientation towards life and feeling of happiness, and a study revealed Mannix et al, (2009) on the existence of a correlation between the orientation towards life and the quality of life, and the study of Badr Muhammad Al-Ansari (2002) showed that there is a positive fundamental correlation between the orientation towards life with both optimism and unrealistic optimism, while it was associated with negative intrinsic correlations with both Pessimism, anxiety, depression, guilt and despair, The study of Mustafa Hefzy Zubeidat (2012), and the role of Bint Muhammad bin Ali (2020) showed a significant correlation between strategies for dealing with stress and orientation towards life.
Also, the complexity of life helped increase the incidence of psychological conflicts, so that they became inevitable, whether at home or at work, and the teacher in the face of these events lives a set of pressures, including family pressures, which may be reflected in the harmony of psychological or professional Aulai & Siira, (2010,125-126) ).
Therefore, their enjoyment of positive thinking enables him to develop himself and establish successful social relations, and also raises the level of orientation towards and interest in life and also affects the way he responds to conflicts and the use of conflict management methods characterized by positivity and cooperation. This was confirmed by the results of some studies and research, where the study of Ashraf Muhammad Ali (2016) showed that there is a positive correlation relationship between positive thinking skills and marital compatibility and its components among husbands and wives, and Mahmoud Muhammad Ahmad (2017) study concluded that there are statistically significant differences between the two satisfied And those who are not satisfied with marriage in the direction of those who are married, also showed differences in favor of males in the dimension of challenge and emotional control, and the study of Anwar Jabbar Ali (2012) showed a strong and statistically significant correlation between orientation towards life and marital stability, the study of Bushra Ismail Ahmed (2016) showed the existence of a relationship Between life orientation and avoidant personality disorder among divorced women. And the study of Ahmed Abd al-Latif Abu Asaad (2010), which showed the existence of differences between married people, single people, and widows, in the sense of psychological loneliness and life orientation.
the study Problem:
The problem of the study emerged through observations and observations of the reality and perusal of the results of previous studies.
Consistent with the above, the study problem raises the following group of questions:
1- Is there a statistically significant correlation between positive thinking and methods of marital conflict management in the study sample?
2- Is there a statistically significant correlation between the orientation towards life and the styles of marital conflict management in the study sample?
3- Are there statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females on the positive thinking scale according to the variable of sex, length of marriage, number of children?
4- Are there statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females on the scale of orientation towards life according to the variable of sex, length of marriage, number of children?
5- Are there statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females on the scale of conflict management methods according to the variable of sex, length of marriage, number of children?
Objectives of the study:
The current study aims to:
1) Exposing the correlation between positive thinking and marital conflict management methods.
2) Exposing the relationship between orientation towards life and their relationship and methods of managing marital conflict.
3) Identify the differences between the mean scores of males and females on the positive thinking scale according to the variable of sex, length of marriage, number of children.
4) Identify the differences between the mean scores of males and females on the scale of the orientation towards life according to the variable of sex, length of marriage, number of children.
5) Identify the differences between the mean scores of males and females on the scale of conflict management methods according to the variable of sex, length of marriage, number of children.
the importance of studying:
The importance of the study is represented in:
A- The theoretical importance
1- The theoretical importance of the study lies in the importance of the field to which it belongs, which is the family domain, as it is considered complementary to the efforts of researchers in their previous studies in this field.
2- The importance of the study is also evident in the directions and other research that it proposes for researchers interested in this field.
B- Application importance:
1- The results of the current study can be used on the preventive side by designing and preparing preventive counseling programs that direct the attention of husbands and wives to the importance of enjoying positive thinking in life in general and marital life in particular in order to help them solve and manage their marital strife in a positive way.
2- Employing psychology approaches and theories in the preparation of family and marital counseling and treatment programs to amend the family and marital organization and improve the family climate that reflects positively on family interaction and help the spouses to reach the best method in dealing with the conflicts they face in their marital life.
Study hypotheses:
1- There is a statistically significant correlation between positive thinking and methods of managing marital conflict (compulsion - negotiation - mediation - avoidance) among teachers.
2- There is a statistically significant correlation between the orientation towards life and the styles of conflict in marriage (forcing - mediation - avoiding) teachers had.
3- There are statistically differences in the mean scores of female and female degrees on the positive thinking scale of teachers according to the variable (duration of marriage, number of children).
4- There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females on the measure of orientation towards life among teachers according to the variable (duration of marriage, number of children).
5- There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females on the scale of marital conflict management methods among teachers according to the variable (duration of marriage, number of children).
Limitations of the study:
The limitations of the present study are:
1- Methodological limits: The study is based on the comparative analytical descriptive approach
2- Human borders: It is represented in the study sample, which consists of (264) married teachers, of whom (132) are males and (132) females, whose ages range from (30-56) years.
3- Spatial boundaries: The current study will be limited to married teachers residing in the cities of Minya and Abu Qurqas, and some of its affiliated villages.
4- Time limits: It is represented in the time period spent by the researcher in applying the measures used in the current study, which is the first half of the 2020/2021 academic year.
Statistical methods:
To calculate the validity and reliability of the study scale and verify the assumptions, the following statistical methods were used:
1- Factorial Analysis.
2- Pearson linear correlation coefficient.
3- T. test.
4- Analysis of variance test.
Results:
The results of the study found a statistically significant negative negative correlation between the total degree of positive thinking and the methods of marital conflict management (compulsion, mediation), and a positive statistically significant positive correlation relationship was found between the total degree of positive thinking and the methods of marital conflict management (negotiation, avoidance). The results also showed a negative statistically significant negative correlation between the positive attitude towards life and the forced style. While there is a positive positive relationship between the positive orientation and the negotiation and avoidance style, while there is no significant relationship between the positive orientation and the mediation style, and a positive statistically significant correlation between the negative orientation and the attitude towards life as a whole and the method of coercion, and a negative negative correlation statistically significant between the negative attitude towards life And the style of negotiation and avoidance.
There is also a positive statistically significant correlation between the negative attitude towards life and the orientation towards life as a whole with mediation. The results also resulted in no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of male and female teachers in positive thinking according to a variable (gender, number of children, duration of marriage). There are also no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of males and females in the positive orientation dimension, while differences were found in favor of males in negative orientation and orientation towards life as a whole.
There are also no differences between the average scores of teachers on the approach to life scale due to the number of children, but statistically significant differences were found in the negative orientation in favor of less than 6 years and more than 17 years of marriage. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of male and female teachers in the methods of managing marital conflict, negotiation and mediation. While there were statistically significant differences between the sexes in the method of coercion and avoidance, for managing marital conflict, where the differences came in favor of males in the method of coercion, and in favor of females in the method of avoidance, and there are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of teachers on conflict management methods due to the number of children, There were differences found in the after-negotiation and avoidance attributable to the duration of the marriage in favor of the more in the number of years of marriage.