الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The objective of the current investigation was to record the ecological impact resulting from the drainage of phenolic compounds in freshwater ecosystems and its effect on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and Oreochromis niloticus fish on the field and the laboratory. Therefore, levels of phenol and nonylphenol ethoxylate 9 (NPEO 9) in six studied sites in three Egyptian governorates were measured seasonally and the results showed that they exceeded the permissible levels. Moreover, physico-chemical characteristics of water were recorded.
The results revealed that B. alexandrina was the most counted snail species in the six studied sites, where it can endure and adjust to various ecological variables. The distribution of B. alexandrina had a negative correlation with the level of investigated phenolic compounds in most sites. The accumulations of phenol and NPEO 9 in O. niloticus, as well as the ecological and human risks, were assessed. The detected concentrations of phenolic compounds in O. niloticus were also above permissible level and posed risk to generalized habitual consumers during different seasons. Also, the detected levels of phenolic compounds were represented high ecological risks in all sites during the investigation time frame.
The laboratory study also dealt with the toxicity impact of phenol and NPEO 9 on B. alexandrina snails and O. niloticus fish. The results revealed disturbances and harmful effects in levels of some biochemical parameters; liver and kidney enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, free amino acids content, and protein content using SDS-PAGE in both studied organisms. Such impacts were promoted by histopathological examinations of both digestive and hermaphrodite glands of B. alexandrina snails and gills, liver, and kidney of O. niloticus fish.