الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was conducted during the period between; November 2020 to October 2021 at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine- department of Parasitology- Assiut University. To detect the prevalence of coccidiosis in chicken in Sohag Governorate and to evaluate the effect of different treatment (alcoholic Garlic extract and Allicin) on Eimeria oocyst in vitro to detect its effect on viability of Eimerian oocyst for further use as a disinfectant followed by identification of morphological characters of Eimeria oocyst after exposure to different treatment by Light microscope and Scanning Electron microscope.
After collection of infected faecal sample of diseased chicken , it examined by different techniques for isolation of Eimeria oocyst followed by sporulation for perfect identification of different Eimeria spp. , Positive Eimeria spp. samples were concentrated using saturated salt floatation concentration technique. This study revealed that 99 birds were infected with Eimeria species with a prevalence rate of 66%. The prevalence rate in broiler chickens was 70% and in balady was 58% . The examined birds have a history of diarrhea, uneven growth, and bad feed conversion. The post mortem examination revealed enteritis at different localities of the intestine.
In relation to effect of age on the prevalence of infection, there is no infection with Eimeria spp. from 0 to 15 day. The highest percent of infection was at the age of (15-30) day (54.3% in broiler and 72.4% for balady), followed by (45.7% in broiler and 17.2% for balady) at the age of 30-45 day and the lowest infection was detected at the age of higher than 45 day (10.34% in balady and no infection for broiler). In relation to seasonal prevalence of Eimeria spp. the prevelance of Eimeria spp. was highest in winter, followed by autumn then summer finally, the spring.
Different species of Eimeria were identified according to the morphology of oocyst, shape, size and time of sporulation. Four species were identified in balady (E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. mitis ) in the intestinal samples , while three species in broiler (E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix). The detected species were E. acervulina, which have the highest prevalence followed by E. tenella, followed by E. necatrix followed by E. mitis which have the lowest prevalence rate .
For more confirmation, histopathological examination of the dead chickens were done in section of intestine to detect different stages of Eimeria spp. within the intestinal epithelium, the sections of intestine showing destruction of intestinal mucosa with different stages of coccidian parasite associated with hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration.
In relation to the in vitro effect on Eimeria , we study the effect of garlic extract and allicin in different concentration on the viability of Eimeria oocyst in relation to diclazuril (control treatment) and KOH 5% (disinfectant). garlic extract and allicin gave the best result, the percent of reduction was (73.5%, 88.3%) at the high concentration after 48 hours, followed by KOH 5% (64.4%), while diclazuril gave (47.1%).
For farther use of this extract (garlic and allicin) as treatment or disinfectant we study their effect on sporulation of oocyst. In relation to the effect of garlic extract and allicin. There was obvious effect on the number of oocysts (sporulated , non sporulated and Deformed oocysts) by the different conc. also there was increase of number of non sporulated oocyst. after several washing of each wells to remove the treatment another examination was done after 72hr and showed that the effect of garlic extract and allicin were continued and there was increase in deformity of non sporulated oocysts and sporulated oocysts from low to high conc. respectively Also there is obvious effect on the morphology of the oocyst, it cause misshape and deformity of the wall and content of the oocyst when compared with KOH 5% and diclazuril.
After removal of this treatment by several wash of the sample by saline for further examination by SEM. The result showed that the Eimeria oocysts after exposure to garlic extract and allicin showed several morphological changes as the wall of oocyst become corrugated with several discontinuations and loss in some parts of the oocyst membrane also there is some holes present on the surface of the oocyst that seemed to be indication for penetration of oocyst by both garlic and allicin these explain the ability of both treatment to kill and destroy the oocysts.
from this study we revealed that garlic extract and allicin may act as a good treatment and a good disinfectant and can be used in get red of coccidian spp. in vitro but further study should be done to detect its effect in vivo.