الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Energy efficiency refers to the efforts made to reduce the energy consumption of a system through installation of or replacement with more efficient end-use devices or more effective operation of existing devices, while having it perform the same functions. First chapter of this thesis presents Introductory Concepts of Energy efficiency and the universal call for sustainable development.
The problem definition of the research is the challenge caused by increased electricity demand and the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. Leading us to three main objectives: 1) saving consumed energy at home, 2) review home solutions to improve energy efficiency, 3) Implementation of a prototype model of home automation lighting system to detect occupants and sense light.
The used methodology in this work is a qualitative strategy of design reliable microcontroller based embedded system which is a simple prototype of lighting control automation system to test the concept and the main functional capabilities of the proposed objectives.
The system framework consists of microcontroller, sensors, relays and other components chosen and designed to develop a PCB board which testing the software program on the microcontroller chip. The code written is described with registers associated parameters to act within targeted scenario.
Understanding the potential of improving building energy efficiency requires detailed energy-use data. Chapter two analyses the key determinants of the residential energy consumption from both end-users prospective and the power system side, the changes in residential loads types and the basic home applications consuming electricity such as lighting and HVAC taking into account monitoring the indoor environment and users’ comfort.
Residential energy consumption continues to grow despite the enforcement of energy efficiency policies. The demand for more comfort, the use of more appliances and the lack of real-time or historical feedback on energy use to customers contribute to the increase in energy use. To ensure a sustainable energy system, we should emphasize on the efficient use of energy and using new technologies and Energy management systems.
Monitoring, control and optimizing energy use at the residential level became an absolute necessity. Also in chapter two, we presented a comprehensive review of history of Energy management systems in buildings and the function groups of Home energy management system.
Furthermore, we did a survey of electricity metering and overviewed different drivers for energy metering and environmental monitoring. However, choosing a proper metering and monitoring solution is a challenging task as it depends on different factors such as granularity, accuracy, cost, availability, ease of deployment and communication protocol.
Smart meter is the next generation energy measurement device that meets the future environmental and technical challenges. we described the development of smart meter and its components and the benefits of implementing smart metering to the customer, utility and environment. However, Smart Metering has challenges, mainly related to security and privacy which is now the focus point of the researchers.
Smart energy homes are changing the lifestyle of modern society. As cities grow in size, population and challenges, now we have already entered in the new era of Internet of Things leading to Smart Systems.
The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications, and its development depends on dynamic technical innovation in a number of important fields and technologies. we reviewed the definition and architecture of IoT, then we described the different layers of the architecture.
The next step of the IoT vision is to interconnect people and objects over the Internet from “any-time, any-place” for “any-one” into “any-time, any-place” for “any-thing,” thus, creating a “smart” environment, leading ultimately to a more convenient way of life for everyone.
Finally, in this chapter, we discussed the relation between IoT and Embedded systems in different prospective and comparison of supported technologies.
In chapter three, we focused on assessing the economic and environmental benefits associated with energy efficiency applications, we started with identifying the smart home market or the largest group of potential users for home energy products or services, within that group exists smaller segments. we used segmental analysis of home automation market to narrow down the potential benefits of smart home. The market is segmented on the basis of product, protocol & technology, and software & algorithm.
Then, we briefly discussed the Economic approaches involve the analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in cost-benefit analysis method (CBA). CBA involves computing the benefits against costs for the entities to make economic and technical decisions. The economic assessment for controlling lights with motion and daylight sensors project considering an average daily lighting duration of six hours was also conducted using the net present value (NPV). The economic assessment revealed a positive NPV which is said to be economical approach plus the qualitative social and environmental analysis.
Finally, in this chapter, A comprehensive SWOT analysis technique is defined to evaluate the projects, we listed Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of energy efficiency applications to make the most of the reviewed technologies.
Chapter four focused on developing implementation framework to build a low-cost automated control lighting system. Using affordable components by integrating microcontrollers and input sensors, the chapter began by the heart of the system which is the processing unit. Since it contains all the components on a single chip, we started with a comparison between Microcontroller and Microprocessor, describing the major differences between the two chips and the basic characteristics. Then, we highlighted the classifications of Microcontrollers and selection criteria to achieve the target objectives.
We also explained briefly the architecture of microcontroller and the basic internal components such as CPU, memory and general purpose input/output ports. The basic functions like analog to digital converter (ADC), Timers and Interrupt control with the popular programing languages of embedded systems.
Further, in the next part we discussed the input devices which collect status data. There were two types of sensors: Occupancy sensor using PIR motion detectors and daylight sensor using LDR sensor to measure light intensity.
In Occupancy sensor section we listed different types of sensors which could detect the presence of people or animals in the target monitored area focusing on infra-red sensors describing its working principles.
In daylight sensor section we included popular types of light sensors with a brief explanation of its differences and properties. Then, we presented the structure of light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor and the concept of how does it work.
In chapter five, we presented developing, design and prototyping of a home lighting system with effective and efficient daylight har vesting capability. We started with an overview of the system describing the basic function of the application and the basic components integrated to achieve the application demands.
Since the microcontroller works with a 5V dc, we needed a dc power supply with 5V voltage regulator. Then, we described the control unit including a list of features, pin configuration and the function of each pin.
Each Port of microcontroller is associated with some registers to control direction (Input/Output) and (read/write) operation. So, we explained each register provided with example codes for how to fill data in each register. Furthermore, we presented the general block diagram of the project, the design circuit schematic and software flow chart.
Then, we explained the interfacing of light sensor with the microcontroller with a detailed description of ADC function registers and a sample code to setup and Read analog value from ADC. Also, we overviewed HC-SR501 PIR sensor specifications and how to interface with Atmega microcontroller using interrupt service routine.
Finally, to control loads with microcontroller, we described relay circuit and its connections.The dynamic electromagnetic relay control lights were switched on or off according to light intensity and people existence.
The previous chapters have provided a detailed description of the design and working of each major component in the project. The system consists of atmega8 microcontroller which programmed to collect data from PIR sensor and LDR sensor to control ac lighting load through a relay interface. Chapter six discuss the results of testing the algorithms used for the process of system after integration of various components.
Also, a conclusion included in chapter seven, Energy efficiency is the measure of energy services delivered relative to energy input. Improving Energy efficiency is gained when more energy services are delivered for the same energy input, or the same amount of services are delivered for less energy input. This can be achieved by reducing energy losses that occur during the conversion of primary source fuels, during energy transmission and distribution, and in final energy use, as well as by implementing other measures that reduce energy demand without diminishing the energy services delivered.
In this work, the advantages of energy efficiency are well reported, with positive impacts on society, the environment, health and the economy.In the context of the societal challenges connected to the environmental questions, realizing improving energy efficiency is a topical issue. The domestic sector has been identified as one of the most promising ones, because of its high energy demand and its high potential for saving. Energy-efficient technologies and solutions can offer one of the most cost-effective ways of reducing energy costs, improving energy security, reducing local air pollution and mitigating climate change.
Some existing technologies initiatives have investigated the use of embedded systems and sensors to realize energy saving at residential sector. This thesis has focused on providing the analysis of the technologies with which used to build some system applications for improving energy efficiency and enhancing the quality of life. A great deal of emphasis is given to the sensor technologies that are the back bone of these systems. In addition to the Analysis of these technologies a survey of commercial sensor products and components is represented.
This thesis also highlighted some other challenges and future directions that need to be addressed regarding energy management systems and Internet of things. It can be concluded that the area of building energy metering and indoor environmental technologies has witnessed many technological advancements in recent years, and it will be continued because of the developments in information and communication technologies.Furthermore, this work described the integration between these technologies with sensors and embedded systems.
Finally, System Architecture and implementation for a microcontroller-based smart lighting control system is successfully proposed describing the hardware components, functionality and software of the system. The feasibility and results of the system is also discussed. Flexibility with the technical customization and economy are the main advantages of the design.