الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Personal identification is a critical task in forensic examination and analysis. When it comes to accurate identity matching, age is a crucial component to consider as a major factor in screening methods.
Age estimation (AE) is one of the standard requirements needed by judicial authorities upon detection of a dead body or in living individuals.
It is a fundamental necessity in several litigations involving both adults and adolescents. In adults, a wide range of concerns whether criminal, legal or civil concerns (such as retirement age, inheritance, marriage and insurance) require accurate age estimation. Adoption, chargeability, child labour, schooling, and child pornography all require precise age determination in minors.
In Egypt, the number of street children has been a source of great concern. Criminal law exempts children under the age of 18 from criminal liability. Children under the age of 18 at the time of committing a crime are subject to specific criminal norms and standards, and their case would be heard by a juvenile court. Therefore, it is critical to determine age using precise and reliable procedures.
Using teeth eruption as a method for determination of age had been adopted for decades; however, it may have some limitations. Teeth eruption is highly influenced by several factors as nutrition, environmental, endocrinal as well as adequate space in the dental arch, and condition of the deciduous teeth, tipping, or teeth impaction.
On the other hand, dental development is considered better for age determination in children since it is less variable, and calcification rates of teeth are governed more by genes than by environmental factors. Various methods were developed to evaluate dental calcification and estimate age according to dental maturity.