الفهرس 
Management of COVID-19 infectionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
COVID-19 infection is spreading worldwide and has become the single most important global concern. Health care workers who are in close contact with the infected patients play a major role in infection control. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus (Zhou et al., 2020).Health care workers, and nurses who contracted the disease while performing their duties caring for those afflicted with COVID-19 (International Council of Nurses, 2020).With the increasing death to all of health workers caring for patients with COVID-19 are the psychological challenges. The uncertainty and discomfort in this new normal may pose a further threat to healthcare professionals’ work outcomes and their quality of life. Nurses are placed in stressful situations, fulfilling their roles on the front line while risking their lives to save others (Faremi et al., 2019 & Vivian et al., 2019; Falguera et al., 2020).Purpose of the study: To assess the effect of COVID-19 pandemic disease on quality of life among nurses working at primary health care centers.
Research question: What is the effect of COVID-19 pandemic disease on quality of life among nurses working at Primary health care centers?Research Design: A descriptive cross sectional research design was utilized to achieve the purpose of the study.
Study setting: The study was carried out in primary health care centers to cover the needed sample size, two districts from ten districts of Menoufia governorate were selected randomly included; Birket El-Saba and Shebin El-Kom districts, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.Study Sample: A simple random sample of 300 out of 1500 nurses which included 166 nurses from urban areas and 134 nurses from rural areas, selected from previous mentioned areas.The study sample was selected according to the following criteria:The inclusion criteria of the study participants were as follows:• Nurses at all nursing educational level.• Years of experience more than 6 months.Exclusion criteria of the study participants were as follows:• Have medically diagnosed with chronic diseases which can affect on quality of life.Assignment of study setting Multistage random sampling was used to select randomly two districts out of the 10 districts of Menoufia Governorates (First stage sample), then out of each district, health centers of its capital town was selected as urban area, and rural health units were selected form numbers of villages as rural area and it all were selected by simple random sample (Second stage sample). Then took a random sample of nurses (300 nurses) working at each selected setting (Third stage sample).
Instrument of data collection:Study instruments: two main instruments were utilized: -Instrument I: A structured interviewing questionnaire, developed by the researcher after reviewing the related national and international literature, discussion with experts to collect data about the subjects and wrote in simple Arabic language to suit level of understanding of the participants included two parts: -
Part 1: Socio-demographic characteristics: -it included nurses’ names, age, gender, marital status, place of work, years of experience and family income.Part 2: -Awareness about Covid 19; contained two main sections: -Section a: Awareness related to knowledge about covid-19 infection; included; definition of Covid19 disease, modes of transmission, People at high risk for infection, clinical manifestation, effective treatment, methods of prevention, isolation procedures and awareness about protective measures against Covid 19 at work setting (e.g sterilization and sorting of cases).Section b: -Awareness related practices about COVID 19 infection included; wash hands frequently and properly, maintain social distance, keen to wear face mask continuously, avoid crowded or closed places, Compliance with protective guidance when suffering or exposed to infected cases (e.g home isolation), participate in a training course to limit the spread of Corona virus.
Instrument II: -Quality of life assessment questionnaire: adopted from World Health Organization, (1996) and used to assess functioning and well-being of nurses. This questionnaire assessed four main domains: physical health included 10 questions, psychological health included 7 questions, social relationships included 4 questions and environmental health of nurses (home and work condition) included 5 questions.Results:The main finding of the present study revealed that:- The majority of the studied nurses showed low QoL (80%), compared to the 20% of high QoL among studied nurses.- Most of studied nurses showed low level of quality of physical health domain (93.3%), psychological health (78.9%), social health (82.5%), as well as environmental health (81.4%).
- The majority of studied nurses (71%) had good awareness related knowledge, 10 % had fair awareness, and (19%) has poor awareness- More than three quarters of studied nurses showed good practice (76.1%), while less than one quarter percent showed poor practice (23.9%).- There were no statistically significant differences between nurses’ socio-demographic characteristics and their grand total QoL levels, except years of experience showed higher statistically significant differences among studied nurses.Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that: There was eighty percent of studied nurses that working at primary health care centers had low quality of life. Moreover, COVID-19 introduces a wide variety of problems and has negative impact on physical, psychological, social and environmental quality of life of nurses. Also, the majority of nurses had good awareness related knowledge and practice about COVID-19.Recommendations:Based on the findings of the present study, the following recommendations were suggested:• Conducting an ongoing professional development program should be developed to enhance QoL of healthcare workers especially nurses working at primary health care centers in response to the pandemic and mitigating COVID-19 related stressors and psychological problems and facilitating social support.• Conducting extensive educational programs which aim to raise awareness of nursing staff about COVID-19 and manipulate all domains of health aspect to facilitate adaptation during pandemic.• Re applicability of the study research at different health setting.• Generalizability of study finding on a wide range of nurses across primary health care centers.