الفهرس 
Literature reviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water is the source of life on earth. It is a main component of cells, typically forming between 70 and 95% of the mass of the cell. This means that we are made approximately 80% water by mass, with some soft bodied creature, such as the jellyfish, are made of up to 96% of water. Water covers more than 75% of Earth, where it provides the suitable environment for organisms to live in.
-Water scarcity, water crisis or water shortage is the definition of water deficiency of adequate water resources that can meet the water demands for a particular region. Whenever there is a lack of access to potable and fresh water for drinking and sanitation, the situation means that the water is scarce.
-The concept of water scarcity may also refer to the difficulty in obtaining fresh water sources and the deterioration and depletion of the available water sources. Water pollution is one of the most contributing factors to water scarcity.
-The sources of water pollution include pesticides and fertilizers that wash away from farms, industrial and human waste that is directly dumped into rivers without treating it in water treatment plant. Oil spill on the ground, waste water leakage from landfills can seep underground and may pollute the groundwater making it unfit for human consumption.
-Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources.
-Ferrite is widely used in electric power/electron and communication industry, nano-ferrite material has better performance. In some usage, shape anisotropy of nano ferrite will be welcome for its excellent magnetic property; but How magnetic field effect the chemical reaction process is not well studied.
-Ferrites are shown to be effective photocatalysts to utilize visible light to perform oxidation processes. Different preparation methods affect the size, shape, and overall structure, all of which can alter the photocatalytic activity. The activity changes by heat-treatment of the photocatalyst. Heating changes the crystal structure leading to change in surface defects, hence may affect the activity. Mechanical treatment of the photocatalyst also results in similar effects on photocatalytic activity.
-Co-precipitation method offers some advantages such like:
1. Simple and rapid preparation.
2. Easy control of particle size and composition.
3. Various possibilities to modify the particle surface state and overall homogeneity.
-In the current study, zinc-nickel ferrites were prepared through co-precipitation method in nano range. The prepared nano ferrite applied to remove heavy metals from waste water. Different preparation conditions and characterization techniques were studied. Moreover different techniques of application on waste water were applied.
In this study The (ZnFe2O4) and (Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4) were prepared by the co-precipitation of Ni hydroxides with a (1 M) solution of sodium hydroxide from mixtures of (1 M) solutions of ferric nitrate, zinc nitrate and other Nickel nitrates having the appropriate composition.
The pH of the final slurry was carefully adjusted to 10. The precipitate was kept 72 h in its mother liquor under stirring for aging with the aim of obtaining a more organized material. Then it was washed free of nitrate ion and alkali, filtered, dried at 60 0C for 72 h and at 80 0C, 100 0C and 120 0C for 1 h at each temperature and finally calcined at 200 0C, 300 0C, 400 0C and 500 0C for 1 h at each temperature and at 650 0C for 2 h to achieve transformation into spinel phase.
-Instruments used in the present experimental work :
1-FTIR model (JASCO FTIR-6200 (Japan)) for Structural analysis.
2-SEM model(FEI Czech SEM (USA)) for Morphology analysis.
3-XRD model (X pert pro (USA)) for Phase and Structural analysis.
4-ICP-MS model(7900 ICP-MS Agilent Technologies(USA)) for Chemical analysis.
- The prepared Ni Zn Fe2O4 nanopartiles were used for the removal of heavy metals from waste water. The choice of Zn is due to its effect as an adsorbent for heavy metals, while using Ni is due to its application in photodegradation technique. The presence of Ni and Zn with ferrites will enhance the magnetic properties of ferrite.
-The Ni Zn Fe2O4 nanopartiles applied in the waste water and react with heavy metals present in it, to be removed by both adsorption and photodegradation techniques.