الفهرس 
English AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMI) pollution is one of the most significant issues on the planet. When there is an abundance of it in the environment, it can harm the ecosystem and the human body, causing acute and chronic disorders. Therefore, on-spot highly sensitive and selective detection of HMI and monitoring their critical level of concentration is urgently needed. Traditional technologies for detecting HMI, such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CV-AFS), have numerous limitations and drawbacks, including intensive sample preparation and lengthy detection times. As a result, developing extremely sensitive, selective, and quick detection techniques to determine the traces of HMI is critical. As a result, developing a fast technology heavy metals detection in real-time and online in various environmental and biological samples is needed. Electrochemical sensors are an excellent alternative for detecting HMI. The electrode modification and sensing performance of various nanomaterials modifications (metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, polyurethane polymer, and their nanocomposites) are discussed in this work. The impact of various experimental parameters on the sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, stability, and the detection process’ capacity to interfere with other non-targeting heavy metal ions was investigated and fully optimized, including different nanomaterials, buffer solutions types, deposition potential and time, and pH. In the end, environmental and biological samples were successfully obtained and analyzed using the designed sensors. For each optimized sensor, a reference analytical method was used for validating the sensor performance.