الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was stress analysis of force transmitted by mandibular bilateral free end saddle using extra short dental implant (four millimeters) retained removable partial overdenture on implants using two different retainers. Ten heat cured acrylic resin models were used representing mandibular bilateral distal extension edentulous area with the only six anterior teeth remaining using the mandibular canine as the main abutment. Two extra-short implants (4mm.length) were placed at the site of the second molar. A self-protected linear strain gauge was utilized for this study to measure the micro-strain induced on the buccal, mesial, lingual and distal sides of the implant. According to the direct retainer used ,two groups were classified ;group I utilized RPI clasp for five models, and group II utilized combination clasp as retainer unit for the other five models. Results : During unilateral loading on the loading side, There was a significant difference in total stresses between groups (P=.002). Combination clasp recorded significant higher total stress than RPI, During unilateral loading on the non-loading side, There was a significant difference in total stresses between groups (P<.001). Combination clasp recorded significant higher total stress than RPI, During bilateral loading: there was significant difference in peri-implant stresses between groups for distal and buccal gauge position only.