الفهرس 
Risk factors of non motor symptoms in parkinson disease
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Abstract
Background: Parkinson{u2019}s disease (PD) is now recognized to comprise a wide range of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS).These NMS could manifest many years before motor symptoms and to be predominant as the disease advances, thereby constituting a major source of disease burden for patients with Parkinson{u2019}s disease. Objectives: to study risk factors of non- motor symptoms in PD and detect prevalence of non-motor symptoms in PD patients. Methods: 50 patients were recruited from Kasr Alainy hospital, movement disorder outpatient clinic.These patients{u2019} clinical history data was collected and they were assessed for staging and severity of PD by the Movement Disorder Society (MDS)-UPDRS, Cognition by Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MOCA) test, Depression by Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM-D), Sleep disorder by Parkinson{u2019}s disease sleep scale (PDSS) and for Apathy by Apathy scale (AS). Results: 98% of PD patient of our study affected at least by one of NMS, 76% had cognitive impairment, 76% had sleep disturbance, 68% had depression and 30% of patients had apathy. Disease severity was the most prominent risk factor for most of NMS, bradykinesia was risk factor for cognitive impairment while education was a protective factor for it. Conclusion: NMS is present in almost all of PD patients and related mainly by disease severity