الفهرس 
Detection of multidrug resistance genes in bacteria causing respiratory disorders in equine
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance is an issue of global concern. The current study aimed to detect the different pathogens causing respiratory disorders in the equine, describing the antimicrobial resistance profile with determining the types of drug resistance of each, investigating and analyzing the distribution pattern of the multi-drug resistance genes in the most predominant isolates. A total of 203 different samples were collected from 42 horse foals, 5 adult horses, and 4 donkey foals. All samples were subjected to bacteriological examination and the isolates were tested for different antibacterial agents. The findings indicated that 38 (74.5%) animals were positive for the bacterial isolation causing respiratory disorders. The most predominant isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae.There{u2019}s only 1 isolate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, is the first record in equine in Egypt. The antibiogram results{u2019}analysis revealed that, 73.6% of the isolates showed 100% resistance against several antibiotics. On the other hand, 59.1% of the isolates were pandrug resistant.Ten antibiotic resistance determinant genes coded on the chromosome of K. pneumoniae were investigated: Extended spectrum Ý-lactamases (ESBL) (blaCTX-M, blaTEM), metallo-beta-lactamases/ carbapenemases (blaVIM, blaNDM-1), carbapenemase (blaKPC), Quinolones{u2019} target protective proteins 2Qnr proteins3 (qnrB, qnrS), aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (aadA1), efflux pump (AcrAB) and porin protein mutation (ompK35). By analyzing the results, it was showed that the most predominant number of associated genes in a single strain was 5. Pareto chart elucidated that the association between ESBL, AcrAB and Qnr with the mutation of the porin protein was the most existed (26.7%). Interestingly, the sequencing results of the CTX-M PCR amplicons were typed as OXY-5 (50%), CTX-M-15 (40%) and CTX-M-27 (10%)