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Abstract Heavy metal toxicity is one of the most dangerous threats to human health in both occupational and environmental settings (Atieh et al., 2017). Heavy metals have been extensively used in a variety of daily activities, which results in excessive human exposure. They are identified as metallic elements with a high atomic weight and a density that is at least five times higher than the density of water. Heavy metal contamination of the aquatic ecosystem and plants is causing the current growing ecological and public health concern about their toxicity (Tchounwou et al., 2012). Metals are not biodegradable, and therefore, they can persist in the environment and have long-lasting sweeping effects on every exposed living part of the human body (Prozialeck et al., 2008). Unfortunately, disasters have highlighted the toxic effects of metals on different organs and systems (Vassallo et al., 2011). |