الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis is entitled ”The Sea Ports in Ancient Egypt until the End of the Greco-Roman Period”. The sea played a very important role in the life of ancient Egyptians. Both Red and Mediterranean Seas were bridges that connected Egypt with outer world for Egyptian various economic and military activities. The Red Sea was the way to Punt and its products, sometimes to Sinai mines, while the Mediterranean Sea was the way to its island and to Byblos. Egyptian society clearly relied on boats and maritime travel from earliest days. Shipping required logistical background for the accommodation of boats and their operation, such as dockyards and ports. A Port is a place where a ship can be built, repaired, anchored, loaded or unloaded. There are various terms of Port in Ancient Egypt used for designation of places where ships
and boats were anchored. They are listed as follow; S, dmj, wxryt,
haw, arrjt, mniwt, mrw, and finally
various lexical terms for quays, dockyards and ports are mentioned to enable a better understanding of such installation. Despite the important role which sea ports played as shelter for ships from the strong wind, waves and sea current, there is little information about them in comparison with what we know about boats. Only a few examples of sea ports are documented from pharaonic Egypt, only one sea port is better known from the earlier period, Wadi Gawasis from the Middle Kingdom, and the recent excavation along the Red sea shore revealed two important ports from the pharaonic period. There are Wadi al-Jarf from Old Kingdom, and Ayn Soukhna from New Kingdom.