الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
PHG is one among the manifestations of portal hypertension like ascites, varices and splenomegaly. It is strongly correlated with portal hypertension and can be used in the prognosis of the disease. It is present in near 70% of cirrhotic patients detected by capsule endoscopy
• It represents a major cause of overt and occult gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. It represents 5.75% of upper GI bleeding. And it remains an important role in iron deficiency anemia in cirrhotic patients.
• GAVE also is considered one of the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. This bleeding can be frank hematemesis or occult bleeding. The prevalence of GAVE is not clearly known, it is estimated to be 4% of GIB, due to association with multiple systemic diseases, and usually has silent presentation.
• The endoscopic classification of GAVE include till now three forms. First, Striped form that described as longitudinal lines radiating from the pylorus or they are described as “Watermelon Stomach”. The second form is punctated type or the diffuse type which consists red spots or “petechial like” located in the antrum. This form is more common in liver cirrhosis. It entered in the differential diagnosis of PHG. And the third is the nodular type.
• Definite diagnosis of GAVE depends on histopathological examination. The main histopathological features include ectatic blood vessels, spindle cell proliferation and fibrin thrombi obliterating the mucosal vessels.
• NBI is a narrowed-spectrum technology that is based on the penetration properties of light, by optical filter placed in front of the source of light.
• Narrow Band spectrum technology encountered optical and digital chromoendoscopy technologies with high definition like narrow band imaging (NBI, Olympus), i-SCAN (Pentax), flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE), and Variable Intelligent Staining Technology (VIST, Sonoscape) can enhance visualization of the mucosal surface architecture and microvascular pattern instead of using contrast dye for enhancement and potentially improve the diagnosis yield over the conventional WLE.