الفهرس 
1. INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pesticides are released into the environment by activities of people and high levels of these pesticide constitute a great risk for the aquatic ecosystem and human. So that carbendazim is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide that plays a very important role in plant disease control. It is also used as a preservative in paint, papermaking and in the leather industry and further used as a preservative of fruits. carbendazim poisoning affect several organ systems in man and other mammals and is associated with a number of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes, including impairment of liver function, nervous system disturbances, abnormal glucose metabolism, kidney dysfunction and hematological disorders. So that can be reduced harmful effect of carbendazim by using kumquat extracts there for its ability to reducing the harmful impact from carbendazim.
Therefor, this study was carried out to evaluate Potential Protective Effects of kumquat Extracts against Carbendazim Induced Hepatotoxicity in Vivo and In Vitro
Hepatoma cell line [HepG2] were cultured on DMEM (high glucose media) at 37 °C containing 95% O2 and 5% CO2 For 24 hours. The cell growth was observed and evaluated by inverted phase microscope, then treatment of HepG2with different compounds
o Determination of Half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] value.
o Cell viability assay by using MTT test is an in vitro cytotoxicity test on the basis of a cell culture that aims to assess cell growth and/or cell death indirectly.
o Assay controls for cell viability assay three controls were retained throughout the experiment. The medium without cells was considered as medium control. The negative control was maintained with the medium containing cells without the experimental carbendazim and kumquat extracts and a positive control with carbendazim toxicity (125μg/ml).
Sixty-six adult Male albino rats, weighing (280±5) g of Sprague Dawley strain were fed the standard diet for one week then divided into two groups according to the following:
Rats were randomly divided into two main groups as follows:
• First main group: negative control (n=6)
Rats fed standard diet only.
• The second main group: carbendazim rats (n = 60)
Carbendazim rats were divided into 10 subgroups, (6 rats each) according the following:
o Subgroup 1: Positive control fed standard diet only.
o Subgroup 2: Rats fed standard the diet and received a daily oral dose of ethanol extract kumquat (100 mg/kg) B.W.
o Subgroup 3: Rats fed standard the diet and received a daily oral dose of ethanol extract kumquat (200 mg/kg) B.W.
o Subgroup 4: Rats fed standard the diet and received a daily oral dose of ethanol extract kumquat (300 mg/kg) B.W.
o Subgroup 5: Rats fed standard diet and received a daily oral dose of hot water kumquat extract (100 mg/kg of B.W).
o Subgroup 6: Rats fed standard diet and received a daily oral dose of hot water kumquat extract (200 mg/kg of B.W).
o Subgroup 7: Rats fed standard diet and received a daily oral dose of hot water kumquat extract (300 mg/kg of B.W).
o Subgroup 8: Rats fed standard diet and received a daily oral dose of cold water kumquat extract (100 mg/kg of B.W) for 30 days.
o Subgroup 9: Rats fed standard diet and received a daily oral dose of cold water kumquat extract (200 mg/kg of B.W).
o Subgroup 10: Rats fed standard diet and received a daily oral dose of cold water kumquat extract (300 mg/kg of B.W).
At the end of experimental period (30 days), animal weighted and the relative of oranges weights (liver, heart, kidney, spleen and lungs) were calculated. Also, blood samples were collected to determine glucose level, lipid profiles, antioxidant status, ferritin, iron, blood count, serum minerals, liver and kidney function. Moreover, histopathological changes on liver and kidney were determined.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
Total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging potency of kumquat extracts.
1. The cold water of kumquat had lower content of total phenol (44.77 µg/ml), total flavonoid (o µg/ml) and DPPH radical scavenging (5.96%) than hot water and ethanol extract of kumquat.
2. The hot water extract of kumquat recorded higher percent of DPPH (30.95%) and total flavonoid (35.61 µg/ml) than ethanol extract of kumquat.
3. The ethanol extract of kumquat recorded higher percent of total phenol (331.25 µg/ml) than hot water and cold water of kumquat extracts.
Biochemical analysis
1. carbendazim was more cytotoxic at high concentrations, resulting in the most cell death. Carbendazim has an IC50 of 125 µg/ ml in HepG2 cells.
2. The cytotoxicity of carbendazim was expressed in IC50 value. An IC50 value for rats was observed to be 250 mg/kg of B.W when treated with carbendazim.
3. Administration with 300 µg/ml EEK and HWEK are more effective for improving cell viability of HepG2 induced by carbendazim than other groups.
4. Treated HepG2 cell and rats with kumquat extracts decrease level of liver function compare with positive control.
5. Administration HepG2 cell with 300 µg/ml EEK and HWEK is more effective for reduce harmful effect of carbendazim in ALT (65.71% and70.42%), AST (63.09% and 72.72%) and TP (61.63% and 63.44%) respectively.
6. Administration HepG2 cell and rats with 300 (µg/ml) and (mg/kg b w ) EEK and HWEK is more effective for reduce harmful effect of carbendazim in TB, DB ,IDB .ALB and G.
7. Administration rats with 300 mg/kg b w of EEK and HWEK were more effective in reducing ALT (59.66% and 57.46%), AST (71.08%and 68.02%), TP (48.03% and 51.96%) and TB (77.63% and 66.6%) respectively.