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Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous zinc enzymes, present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, being encoded by many distinct, evolutionarily unrelated gene families as, Ü-CAs (present in vertebrates, Bacteria, algae and cytoplasm of green plants), Ý-CAs (predominantly in Bacteria, algae and chloroplasts of both mono- as well as dicotyledons),y-CAs (mainly in Archaea and some Bacteria), and {uF064}-CAs, present in some marine diatoms, respectively. In mammals, 16 different Ü-CA isozymes or CA-related proteins (CARP) were described with very different subcellular localization and tissue distribution. Basically, there are several cytosolic forms (CA I-III, CA VII), four membrane-bound isozymes (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII and CA XIV), one mitochondrial form (CA V), as well as a secreted CA isozyme, CA VI. These enzymes are involved in crucial physiological processes connected with respiration and transport of CO₂/bicarbonate, pH and CO₂ homeostasis and electrolyte secretion in variety of tissues/organs