الفهرس 
Title : Public health hazard of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from poultry
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Abstract
Continuous emergence of resistant bacteria become a significant global health issue. It poses a threat for treatment of infectious diseases in animals and humans. The present study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCR) and to carbapenems (CR) in farmed chickens as well as in retailed chicken giblets and the surrounding environments. Furthermore, this study examined two important questions. First, whether, resistance to ESCR in Salmonella is mediated by extended-spectrum Ý-lactamases (ESBL), cephalosporinase (AmpC), and/or carbapenemases.Second, whether, resistance to ESC and carbapenems in Salmonella is associated with presence of the outer membrane protein A- (ompA) and absence of the outer membrane porin F- (ompF) encoding genes. Cloacal swabs (n = 301) were collected from chickens raised in poultry farms located in Cairo, Giza, and Al Qalyubia governorates.These were cultured for Salmonella, serotyped, and examined for susceptibility to ESC and carbapenems. Salmonella were isolated from 20 chickens, which belong to serotypes with public health significance like Typhimurium, Kentucky, and Infantis.The 20 isolates were ESCR, among them 16 were ESBL-producing, 3 were non-ESBL-producing, 1 was not tested for ESBL production as it shows resistance only to cefpodoxime. The 16 ESCR ESBL-producing isolates carry predominantly the ESBL ”blaTEM and blaSHV”; whereas, the 3 ESCR non-ESBL-producing isolates carry the AmpC blaCMY-2. Interestingly, the ESCR isolate not confirmed to be ESBL-producing, harbors blaCMY-2. The 20 isolates were carbapenem-susceptible and did not carry any of the tested carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA48)