الفهرس 
Title: Role of Xp-endo Finisher Agitation File with the Use of EDTA and Chitosan, on Smear Layer Removal by SEM and the Use of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to Quantify the Concentration of Calcium Ions: An in Vitro Study
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Abstract
The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the role of the XP-endo finisher agitation file with the use of EDTA in comparison to Chitosan in human extracted single rooted teeth, on smear layer removal by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the use of Flame Atomic Absorption spectrometry (FAAS) to quantify the concentration of calcium ions. Twenty single-rooted extracted, human premolar teeth were selected. Teeth were decoronated to achieve a 15mm standered length. Mechanical preparation was done using BT-Race rotary system ending with file BT-3. After each file use, the canals were irrigated with 3-mL of 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were, then, divided into two groups of 10 specimens each according to the chelating solution used as follow: 17% EDTA and 0.2% chitosan. 5-mL of 0.2% chitosan was used for 3 minutes, while 5-mL of 17% EDTA was used for 1 minute. Irrigation was carried out using 30-gauge needle (NaviTip). Agitation of the corresponding chelating solutions was achieved using xp-endo finisher for 1 minute. For the evaluation of canal cleaning efficiency, roots of the 20 specimens were longitudinally split into two halves, the half which best represented the root canal was used for SEM analysis, and the other half was discarded. Micrographs were taken at fixed lengths in the apical, middle and coronal thirds. In each third, one micrograph was taken; at 4000-X magnification for smear layer evaluation. Two, calibrated, blind