الفهرس 
OVERVIEW ON ADULT ADHDOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: Tobacco use is still one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.3 billion people smoke in the world. Adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder characterized by difficulties in regulation of attention, activities and impulsivity. Rate of smoking has been reported to be higher in adolescents and adults with ADHD than in the general population and/or control groups not diagnosed with ADHD. In addition, it has been reported that individuals with ADHD start smoking earlier and are more likely to be regular smokers than controls and that a higher rate of individuals with ADHD have nicotine addiction than controls.
Aim of the Work: In the present study, we aimed to determine the frequency of adult ADHD among smokers compared to non-smokers and to find out the relation between ADHD symptoms and severity of nicotine dependence
Patients and Methods: This cross sectional comparative observational study enrolled (80) participants of smokers who are fulfilling the criteria for nicotine dependence based on DSM-IV Criteria and 80 matched healthy control, included;Adult > 18 – 40 years old and Smokers who were fulfilling the criteria for nicotine dependence based on DSM-IV Criteria. This study excluded those not fulfilling any of the inclusion criteria, General medical conditions that may affect our results, Use of other substance or medication that may affect our results and Participants refusing to give an informed written consent.
Results: Both tests ASRS.v1.1 and DIVA (Adulthood) revealed that 25% of smokers had symptoms highly consistent with ADHD, however in non-smokers, DIVA (Adulthood) test revealed that 7.5% had symptoms highly consistent with ADHD, while 8.8% Fulfilled the diagnostic Criteria of ADHD according to ASRS.v1.1 test. In the present study we found that ADHD is more significantly prevalent among smokers than non-smokers. As there was statistically higher significant values for ASRS.v1.1 and DIVA (Adulthood) among smokers than non-smokers regarding. However no statistically significant difference was reported regarding WFIRS-S (symptoms severity) There was a highly significant positive correlation between symptoms severity reported by WFIRS-S and degree of smoking dependence found by Fagerstrom total scores (p value <0.0001), which indicates that the more dependence on smoking, the more severe the ADHD symptoms.
Conclusion: We concluded by the end of this study that smokers had significant higher frequency of ADHD symptoms than non-smokers, Also our findings revealed that the severity of ADHD associated with smoking dependence (significant positive correlation).