الفهرس 
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Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a major public health issue. It happens naturally, though human and animal overuse of antibiotics has accelerated the process. Drinking water treatment system is specifically intended to remove germs and diseases from water. The current study investigated the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the River’s Nile surface water in Dakahlia’s drinking water as well. The results recorded a total of 39 isolates devided to 14 isolates coliforms, 13 fecal coliforms, and 12 fecal enterococci. Ten antibiotics; AMX, AMP, F, C, AMC, LEV, CLR, CIP, VA, and SA, were used for the determination of antibiotic resistance profiles of those isolates. The most resistant antibiotics for the Nile waters isolates were AMX (95%), and AMP (90%), For tap water, were CLR (85%), AMX (83%), and AMP (81%). The MARI values for the Nile water sampels were three times greater than the permitted limit (<0.2). The MARI values for the tap water in the majority of the investigated samples ranged from 0.37 to 0.85 and were higher than those of Nile water. The results indicated a high risk of contamination of drinking water as affected by human activities related to urbanization, accumulation of microbial contamination during various water transfers from source to homes as well as misuse and greater exposure to antibiotics in human treatment, in poultry, and livestock farms and agriculture, which may pose a high ecological risk to the waters and public health.
Fruit peels are a major by-product of fruits eating and food processing and are not currently used commercially. The aims to study the feasibility of recycling fruit peels (low-cost waste materials) in getting rid of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Fruit peels can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent. As microorganism resistance to marketed antibiotics is a prime concern nowadays, the current study evaluated the antibacterial activities of ethanol and aqueous extracts of peels of banana (Musa acuminate), pomegranate (Punica granatum), and orange (Citrus sinensis) against four pathogens E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, and E. faecalis.
Results showed that pomegranate extract was the most effective against four pathogenic bacteria recording the highest zone of inhibition 25.2 ±1.2mm with S. aureus, S. enterica 21.5 ±1, and E. coli 18.3 ±1.6mm, and the lowest was 15.3 ±1mm with E. faecalis. Banana and orange extract recorded inhibition zone ranged between 9 ±0.9 and 19 ±1.4. The low MIC value was found with pomegranate extract 3.125 mg/mL on S. aureus, and the highest MIC was 25 mg/mL using banana and orange with E. coli and E. faecalis.
Uses PDP, BDP, and ODP as a bio-sorbent for examined antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Results showed the optimum removal condition for all dry fruit peels was equilibrium time was 60 min, and the optimum adsorbent dose was 5 gmL-1, optimum pH was the natural 7- 7.5, the optimum temperature was 30℃ -35℃, which may be due to was the optimum temperature range for bacterial growth of examined.
Langmuir isotherm fitted well to the pomegranate, banana, and orange dry peels, this suggested the feasibility of mono and heterogeneous layer formation onto the adsorbents surface. where R2 of PDP were 0.9969, 0.9977, 0.9994, R2 of BDP was 0.9807, 0.9767, 0.9586, 0.9934, and R2 of ODP were 0.9909, 0.9858, 0.9779, and 0.9644 with E. coli, S. enterica, and S. aureus respectively. average RL value for PDP were 0.3695, 0.3641, 0.3576, 0.3757, for BDP were 0.3695, 0.3641, 0.3576, 0.375, and for ODP were 0.3789, 0.3818, 0.3867, and 0.3865 with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis respectively. That found in the range from 0 to 1 indicating the adsorption was favorable. Similarly, the value of slope (1/n) in Freundlich isotherm for three examined adsorbents with all tested bacteria was between 0 and 1, and this demonstrates the increase in the bond energies with the increase of surface density. Also, the value (B) for Temkin isotherm for PDP were 1958.9, 2984.3, 4044.7, and 2593.3 J mol-1, for BDP were 3533, 2464, 3149, and 1885 J mol-1, and while ODP were 2611, 1963, 3508, and 1836 J mol-1with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis, respectively. This meant the process was endothermic and had a positive energy value.
Uses pomegranate, banana, and orange activated carbon (chemical activation) in adsorption of tested antibiotic-resistant bacteria from drinking water. Results showed the optimum removal conditions for all fruit peels activated carbon was equilibrium time was 30 min, and the optimum adsorbent dose was 3 gmL-1, optimum pH was the natural (7- 75), the optimum temperature was 30℃ 35℃, which may be due to was the optimum temperature range for examined bacterial growth.
Langmuir model suggested that the uptake of pathogenic bacteria occurs on a homogenous surface by monolayer adsorption with maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon. The straight line of the Langmuir equation for pomegranate activated carbon with correlation coefficient (R^2) were 0.9965, 0.9659, 0.935, 0.9899, for banana activated carbon were 0.945, 0.9638, 0.9467, and 0.9586 for orange activated carbon were 0.9653, 0.9626, 0.9727, and 0.9561with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis bacteria respectively. The average (RL) value for Pomegranate activated carbon were 0.2822, 0.2909, 0.1961, and 0.2913 for banana activated carbon were 0.2822, 0.2909, 0.1961, and 0.2913, and for orange activated carbon were 0.2809, 0.2942, 0.1766, and 0.2912 with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis respectively. Suggested the applicability of the Langmuir model and, adsorption was favorable. also, the value of slope (1/n) in Freundlich isotherm for three adsorbents carbon with all examined bacteria was between 0 and 1, and this demonstrates the increase in the bond energies with the increase of surface density. Also, the value (B) for Temkin isotherm for pomegranate activated carbon were 3990, 4231, 4016, and 3903 J mol-1, for banana activated carbon was 4695, 4063, 4647, and 5237 J/mol, and for orange activated carbon were 3735, 3496, 4399, and 3572 J/mol with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis, respectively. That indicated the process was endothermic with a positive energy value.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a major public health issue. It happens naturally, though human and animal overuse of antibiotics has accelerated the process. Drinking water treatment system is specifically intended to remove germs and diseases from water. The current study investigated the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the River’s Nile surface water in Dakahlia’s drinking water as well. The results recorded a total of 39 isolates devided to 14 isolates coliforms, 13 fecal coliforms, and 12 fecal enterococci. Ten antibiotics; AMX, AMP, F, C, AMC, LEV, CLR, CIP, VA, and SA, were used for the determination of antibiotic resistance profiles of those isolates. The most resistant antibiotics for the Nile waters isolates were AMX (95%), and AMP (90%), For tap water, were CLR (85%), AMX (83%), and AMP (81%). The MARI values for the Nile water sampels were three times greater than the permitted limit (<0.2). The MARI values for the tap water in the majority of the investigated samples ranged from 0.37 to 0.85 and were higher than those of Nile water. The results indicated a high risk of contamination of drinking water as affected by human activities related to urbanization, accumulation of microbial contamination during various water transfers from source to homes as well as misuse and greater exposure to antibiotics in human treatment, in poultry, and livestock farms and agriculture, which may pose a high ecological risk to the waters and public health.
Fruit peels are a major by-product of fruits eating and food processing and are not currently used commercially. The aims to study the feasibility of recycling fruit peels (low-cost waste materials) in getting rid of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Fruit peels can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent. As microorganism resistance to marketed antibiotics is a prime concern nowadays, the current study evaluated the antibacterial activities of ethanol and aqueous extracts of peels of banana (Musa acuminate), pomegranate (Punica granatum), and orange (Citrus sinensis) against four pathogens E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, and E. faecalis.
Results showed that pomegranate extract was the most effective against four pathogenic bacteria recording the highest zone of inhibition 25.2 ±1.2mm with S. aureus, S. enterica 21.5 ±1, and E. coli 18.3 ±1.6mm, and the lowest was 15.3 ±1mm with E. faecalis. Banana and orange extract recorded inhibition zone ranged between 9 ±0.9 and 19 ±1.4. The low MIC value was found with pomegranate extract 3.125 mg/mL on S. aureus, and the highest MIC was 25 mg/mL using banana and orange with E. coli and E. faecalis.
Uses PDP, BDP, and ODP as a bio-sorbent for examined antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Results showed the optimum removal condition for all dry fruit peels was equilibrium time was 60 min, and the optimum adsorbent dose was 5 gmL-1, optimum pH was the natural 7- 7.5, the optimum temperature was 30℃ -35℃, which may be due to was the optimum temperature range for bacterial growth of examined.
Langmuir isotherm fitted well to the pomegranate, banana, and orange dry peels, this suggested the feasibility of mono and heterogeneous layer formation onto the adsorbents surface. where R2 of PDP were 0.9969, 0.9977, 0.9994, R2 of BDP was 0.9807, 0.9767, 0.9586, 0.9934, and R2 of ODP were 0.9909, 0.9858, 0.9779, and 0.9644 with E. coli, S. enterica, and S. aureus respectively. average RL value for PDP were 0.3695, 0.3641, 0.3576, 0.3757, for BDP were 0.3695, 0.3641, 0.3576, 0.375, and for ODP were 0.3789, 0.3818, 0.3867, and 0.3865 with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis respectively. That found in the range from 0 to 1 indicating the adsorption was favorable. Similarly, the value of slope (1/n) in Freundlich isotherm for three examined adsorbents with all tested bacteria was between 0 and 1, and this demonstrates the increase in the bond energies with the increase of surface density. Also, the value (B) for Temkin isotherm for PDP were 1958.9, 2984.3, 4044.7, and 2593.3 J mol-1, for BDP were 3533, 2464, 3149, and 1885 J mol-1, and while ODP were 2611, 1963, 3508, and 1836 J mol-1with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis, respectively. This meant the process was endothermic and had a positive energy value.
Uses pomegranate, banana, and orange activated carbon (chemical activation) in adsorption of tested antibiotic-resistant bacteria from drinking water. Results showed the optimum removal conditions for all fruit peels activated carbon was equilibrium time was 30 min, and the optimum adsorbent dose was 3 gmL-1, optimum pH was the natural (7- 75), the optimum temperature was 30℃ 35℃, which may be due to was the optimum temperature range for examined bacterial growth.
Langmuir model suggested that the uptake of pathogenic bacteria occurs on a homogenous surface by monolayer adsorption with maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon. The straight line of the Langmuir equation for pomegranate activated carbon with correlation coefficient (R^2) were 0.9965, 0.9659, 0.935, 0.9899, for banana activated carbon were 0.945, 0.9638, 0.9467, and 0.9586 for orange activated carbon were 0.9653, 0.9626, 0.9727, and 0.9561with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis bacteria respectively. The average (RL) value for Pomegranate activated carbon were 0.2822, 0.2909, 0.1961, and 0.2913 for banana activated carbon were 0.2822, 0.2909, 0.1961, and 0.2913, and for orange activated carbon were 0.2809, 0.2942, 0.1766, and 0.2912 with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis respectively. Suggested the applicability of the Langmuir model and, adsorption was favorable. also, the value of slope (1/n) in Freundlich isotherm for three adsorbents carbon with all examined bacteria was between 0 and 1, and this demonstrates the increase in the bond energies with the increase of surface density. Also, the value (B) for Temkin isotherm for pomegranate activated carbon were 3990, 4231, 4016, and 3903 J mol-1, for banana activated carbon was 4695, 4063, 4647, and 5237 J/mol, and for orange activated carbon were 3735, 3496, 4399, and 3572 J/mol with E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, E. faecalis, respectively. That indicated the process was endothermic with a positive energy value.