الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The depletion in the petroleum reserves globally and increased environmental matters have pushed scientific researchers to find an alternative renewable fuel that can compensate for the increase in energy demand. Biodiesel is considered to be a possible substitute for conventional diesel. Biodiesel has many advantages; it is domestic, renewable, biodegradable, less pollutant emitting (decreasing the net production of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter, etc).The aim of the present work is the discussion of the several ways for biodiesel production from various oil sources like (oleic acid, home domestic, and Chipsy waste frying oils) that by providing low-cost raw material as a feed as an economical issue and to reduce the disposing of these oils to the sewer to avoid blockages of sewer pipes and the water pollution for rivers and seas as an environmental issue. This research discussed the esterification and transesterification process for different types of oils to get the optimum operating conditions, which lead to the maximum biodiesel production yield Firstly, several trials were carried out using the microwave irradiation for the esterification reaction of oleic acid with highly FFA content. This was done by using many heterogeneous catalysts such as: (aluminum sulfate, nickel sulfate hexahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, cupric chloride dihydrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum silicate, aluminum nitrate, nickel chloride, and nickel nitrate). To select the catalyst this gives the highest conversion % FFA. Aluminum chloride gave the highest conversion of % FFA conversion at operating conditions of 30:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 4 min, 400 watts, using 3 % w/w aluminum chloride catalyst. Then, we tested the aluminum chloride catalyst for the esterification reaction of waste cooking oil at the operating condition of 9:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 4 min, 900 watts, and by using 3 % w/w aluminum chloride as a catalyst that gives % FFA conversion 85.68%. after that use, another heterogeneous catalyst such as calcium sulfate at the optimum conditions of 6:1 methanol to waste cooking oil molar ratio, time at 10 min, and reaction power 720 watts, and catalyst loading is 3% w/w which gives % FFA conversion 46.2% The next step was transesterification of Chipsy waste frying oil by using the Microwave irradiation to reach the optimum conditions for production of biodiesel, using many heterogeneous catalysts without pretreatment such as: 1- Phosphate rock. The transesterification optimum conditions are 6:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 3 minutes, 900 Watts, and 2 % w/w phosphate rock as a catalyst. Then study the effect of reusability of phosphate rock as a catalyst on the % biodiesel yield and we note that the phosphate rock catalyst by microwave method can be reused about 5 times with decreasing in % biodiesel yield from 99.98% to 43.15% after 5 times reusing. Finally, study the effect of phosphate rock on % FFA conversion at optimum conditions that give % FFA conversion of 69.54%. 2- Heterogeneous catalysts were tested, mixed with heterogenous catalysts like (KOH activated waste agricultural Castor), (K2 CO3 activated waste agricultural Castor), (CaCO3 activated waste agricultural Castor), and (K2 CO3 and CaCO3 activated waste agricultural Castor) to determine the catalyst that gives the highest % biodiesel yield production. We note that (CaCO3 activated waste agricultural Castor) gives the highest % biodiesel yield production so we study the optimum condition by using Response surface methodology (RSM) modeling. 3- Mixed heterogeneous catalyst (10% CaO activated Kaolin) was tested by studying the optimum condition by using Response surface methodology (RSM) modeling. Then B10 and B20 biodiesel blends were produced by blending the produced biodiesel with petrodiesel to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, B10, and B20 were analyzed, and the results confirmed the compatibility of these blended fuels for use in diesel engines. After that B10 and B20 blends were tested in a diesel engine. Biodiesel blends improved the petrodiesel performance in the diesel engine. Compared to petrodiesel, biodiesel blends decreased the fuel consumption, increased the brake thermal efficiency, and decreased the brake specific fuel consumption The exhaust emissions produced from the B10 and B20 blends combustion were measured and compared with petrodiesel. B10 and B20 blends reduced the emissions of HC, and CO. However, the NOx emission produced from biodiesel blends combustion increased.